butterbur

Common name
Butterbur, purple butterbur, Western coltsfoot, butter dock, Arctic butterbur, bog rhubarb, pestilence wort
Botanical names
Petasites hybridus, Petasites frigidus
Parts used and where grown
Butterbur, or Petasites hydridus, is found in colder, northern regions of Russia and Europe. A species native to the northern United States and much of Canada is Petasites frigidus. All parts of either plant can be used, including root, rhizome, leaves, and flowers. Both species are easily confused with their close cousin, Eastern coltsfoot (Tussilago farfara), a plant that looks the same and has similar properties and hazards.
Butterbur has been used in connection with the following conditions (refer to the individual health concern for complete information):
Science Ratings - Health Concerns
*** - Hay fever
*** - Migraine headache
** - Asthma
*** - Reliable and relatively consistent scientific data showing a substantial health benefit.
** - Contradictory, insufficient, or preliminary studies suggesting a health benefit or minimal health benefit.
* - For an herb, supported by traditional use but minimal or no scientific evidence. For a supplement, little scientific support and/or minimal health benefit.
Historical or traditional use (may or may not be supported by scientific studies)
Traditionally the entire plant was used as a demulcent to soothe a dry, spasmodic cough.1 It was primarily made into a tea, and used only for short periods of time. Using the herb as a tea may have helped reduce the liver’s exposure to butterbur's toxic compounds, as they are not normally water soluble.
Active constituents
Butterbur contains petasins, a group of bitter-tasting compounds in a class of chemicals called sesquiterpenoids. Petasine is a specific petasin considered important in butterbur. Petasins relax blood vessels and various smooth muscles in the body, such as those that are found in the uterus and lungs, according to test tube and animal studies.2 Petasins are also known to reduce inflammation, as demonstrated in human studies.3 Because of these properties, butterbur might be expected to be beneficial for people with migraines and asthma. Butterbur extracts have consistently been shown to reduce symptoms in people with migraines more effectively than placebo. Butterbur has also been shown to help people with asthma, although the results have been conflicting.4 5 6 Some studies have also shown that butterbur extract works just as well as a common antihistamine drug for people with hay fever, but without causing drowsiness.
Butterbur also contains unsaturated pyrrolizidine alkaloids. These can cause severe liver damage in some people if taken for too long. Only extracts that exclude pyrrolizidine alkaloids should be used.
How much is usually taken?
The most commonly available product is an extract of the rhizome of Petasites hybridus standardized to contain 7.5 mg of petasine per capsule. This type of extract removes the pyrrolizidine alkaloids to avoid causing liver damage. Intake is usually 1 to 2 capsules three times per day.
Are there any side effects or interactions?
There are no known side effects as long as pyrrolizidine alkaloids are not present. When they are present, they can cause serious liver damage and even liver failure or death. Therefore, pyrrolizidine alkaloid–containing extracts should not be used.
At the time of writing, there were no well-known drug interactions with butterbur.
Source: www.cncahealth.com

butcher's broom

Botanical name
Ruscus aculeatus
Parts used and where grown
Butcher’s broom is a spiny, small-leafed evergreen bush native to the Mediterranean region and northwest Europe. It is a member of the lily family and is similar, in many ways, to asparagus. The roots and young stems of butcher’s broom are used medicinally.
Butcher’s broom has been used in connection with the following conditions (refer to the individual health concern for complete information):
Science Ratings - Health Concerns
*** - Chronic venous insufficiency
* - Atherosclerosis
* - Varicose veins
*** - Reliable and relatively consistent scientific data showing a substantial health benefit.
** - Contradictory, insufficient, or preliminary studies suggesting a health benefit or minimal health benefit.
* - For an herb, supported by traditional use but minimal or no scientific evidence. For a supplement, little scientific support and/or minimal health benefit.
Historical or traditional use (may or may not be supported by scientific studies)
Butcher’s broom is so named because the mature branches were bundled and used as brooms by butchers. The young shoots were sometimes eaten as food. Ancient physicians used the roots as a diuretic in the treatment of urinary problems.1
Active constituents
Steroidal saponins are thought to be responsible for the medicinal actions of butcher’s broom.2 These constituents are reported to improve the strength and tone of the veins and act as mild diuretics. They may also lead to constriction of the veins, which helps blood return from the extremities.3 4 Butcher’s broom extracts also exert a mild anti-inflammatory effect.
Clinical trials, one double-blind, have confirmed the benefit of a combination of vitamin C, flavonoids, and butcher’s broom for treatment of chronic venous insufficiency (CVI).5 6 In a comparison study, a product combining butcher’s broom extract, the flavonoid hesperidin, and vitamin C was more effective than a synthetic flavonoid product for treating CVI.7 A double-blind study, in which Butcher’s broom alone was used, has confirmed the beneficial effect of this herb in the treatment of CVI.8
How much is usually taken?
Encapsulated butcher’s broom extracts, in the amount of 1,000 mg three times per day, can be used for chronic venous insufficiency. These extracts are often combined with vitamin C and/or flavonoids. Standardized extracts (9–11% ruscogenins) can be taken in the amount of 100 mg three times per day.
Are there any side effects or interactions?
Side effects are rarely seen if butcher’s broom is used as directed above. However, in certain cases, butcher’s broom can cause nausea.9
At the time of writing, there were no well-known drug interactions with butcher’s broom.

burdock

Botanical name
Arctium lappa
Parts used and where grown
Burdock is native to Asia and Europe. The root is the primary source of many herbal preparations. The root becomes very soft with chewing and tastes sweet, with a mucilaginous (sticky) texture.
Burdock has been used in connection with the following conditions (refer to the individual health concern for complete information):
Science Ratings - Health Concerns
* - Acne Rosacea
* - Acne Vulgaris
* - Menopause
* - Psoriasis
* - Rheumatoid arthritis
*** - Reliable and relatively consistent scientific data showing a substantial health benefit.
** - Contradictory, insufficient, or preliminary studies suggesting a health benefit or minimal health benefit.
* - For an herb, supported by traditional use but minimal or no scientific evidence. For a supplement, little scientific support and/or minimal health benefit.
Historical or traditional use (may or may not be supported by scientific studies)
In traditional herbal texts, burdock root is described as a “blood purifier” or “alterative”1 and was believed to clear the bloodstream of toxins. It was used both internally and externally for eczema and psoriasis, as well as to treat painful joints and as a diuretic. In Traditional Chinese Medicine, burdock root in combination with other herbs is used to treat sore throats, tonsillitis, colds, and even measles.2 In Japan, it is eaten as a vegetable.
Burdock root has recently become popular as part of a tea to treat cancer. To date, however, research is insufficient to promote burdock for this application.3
Active constituents
Burdock root contains high amounts of inulin and mucilage. This may explain its soothing effects on the gastrointestinal tract. Bitter constituents in the root may also explain the traditional use of burdock to improve digestion. Additionally, burdock has been shown to reduce liver damage in animal studies.4 This has not been confirmed in human studies, however. It also contains polyacetylenes that have demonstrated anti-microbial activity.5 Even though test tube and animal studies have indicated some anti-tumor activity in burdock root, these results have not been duplicated in human studies.6 Several animal and test tubes studies have also suggested an anti-inflammatory effect of unknown compounds in burdock root or seeds, including an ability to inhibit the potent inflammation-causing chemical platelet activating factor.7 8
How much is usually taken?
Traditional herbalists recommend 2–4 ml of burdock root tincture per day.9 For the dried root preparation in capsule form, some herbalists recommend 1–2 grams three times per day. Many herbal preparations combine burdock root with other alterative “blood cleansing” herbs, such as yellow dock, red clover, or cleavers.
Are there any side effects or interactions?
Burdock root contains approximately 50% inulin,10 a fiber widely distributed in fruits, vegetables and plants. Inulin is classified as a food ingredient (not as an additive) and is considered to be safe to eat.11 In fact, inulin is a significant part of the daily diet of most of the world’s population.12 However, there is a report of a 39-year-old man having a life-threatening allergic reaction after consuming high amounts of inulin from multiple sources.13 Allergy to inulin in this individual was confirmed by laboratory tests. Such sensitivities are exceedingly rare. Moreover, this man did not take burdock. Nevertheless, people with a confirmed sensitivity to inulin should avoid burdock. There is one published case report of a severe allergic reaction, apparently due to burdock itself.14
At the time of writing, there were no well-known drug interactions with burdock.
Source: www.cncahealth.com

bupleurum

Common names
Thorowax, Saiko, Hare’s ear, Chai hu
Botanical names
Bupleurum chinense, Bupleurum falcatum
Parts used and where grown
These Asian plants are part of the Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) family, and resemble dill or fennel. However, bupleurum has long thin leaves rather than the lacy appearance of fennel and dill leaves. The Chinese name for bupleurum, chai hu, means “kindling of the barbarians.” The origin of this name is unclear. The roots of the plant are used in herbal medicine.
Bupleurum has been used in connection with the following conditions (refer to the individual health concern for complete information):
Science Ratings - Health Concerns
** - Epilepsy
** - Hepatitis (viral)
** - Irritable bowel syndrome (Chinese herbal combination formula containing wormwood, ginger, bupleurum, schisandra, dan shen, and other extracts)
** - Liver cirrhosis
* - HIV/AIDS
*** - Reliable and relatively consistent scientific data showing a substantial health benefit.
** - Contradictory, insufficient, or preliminary studies suggesting a health benefit or minimal health benefit.
* - For an herb, supported by traditional use but minimal or no scientific evidence. For a supplement, little scientific support and/or minimal health benefit.
Historical or traditional use (may or may not be supported by scientific studies)
Bupleurum has been used in Traditional Chinese Medicine for thousands of years to help relieve numerous conditions. Most particularly, infections with fever, liver problems, indigestion, hemorrhoids, and uterine prolapse.1
Bupleurum is a key ingredient in the formula known as sho-saiko-to. This is a Japanese kampo or traditional herbal medicine formula based on the traditional Chinese formula xiao-chai-hu-tang. In English, it has been called minor bupleurum formula. Bupleurum makes up 16% of the formula for sho-saiko-to (see below for the complete contents of the formula). Results reported for sho-saiko-to cannot be attributed solely to bupleurum because the other herbs in the formula also contribute.2
Sho-saiko-to (xao-chai-hu-tang or minor bupleurum formula) contains the following:
Bupleurum falcatum (thorowax) root, 16%
Paeonia lactiflora (peony) root, 16%
Pinellia ternata (ban xia) rhizome, 14%
Cinnamomum cassia (cassia) bark, 11%
Zingiber officinale (ginger) rhizome, 11%
Zizyphus jujuba (jujube) fruit, 11%
Panax ginseng (Asian ginseng) root, 8%
Scutellaria baicalensis (Chinese scullcap) root, 8%
Glycyrrhiza uralensis (licorice, gan cao) rhizome, 5%
Active constituents
Bupleurum contains constituents known as saikosaponins that appear to account for much of the medicinal activity of the plant. Test tube studies have shown that the sho-saiko-to combination can increase production of various chemicals (known as cytokines) that immune cells use to signal one another.3 Test tube studies have also found that saikosaponins can inhibit growth of liver cancer cells,4 and are anti-inflammatory.5 6
Human trials, only one double-blind, have shown that the bupleurum-containing formula sho-saiko-to may help reduce symptoms and blood liver enzyme levels in children and adults with chronic active viral hepatitis.7 8 9 10 Most of these studies were in people with hepatitis B infection, though one preliminary human trial has also shown a benefit in people with hepatitis C.11 Sho-saiko-to was also found, in a large, preliminary (but not double-blind), study to decrease the risk of people with chronic viral hepatitis developing liver cancer.12
Sho-saiko-to has also been used to reduce symptoms of and possibly decrease the severity of liver cirrhosis, though clinical studies on this condition are generally lacking. One randomized trial (it was unclear if this trial was double-blind) found that sho-saiko-to could reduce the rate of liver cancer in people with liver cirrhosis.13
Several uncontrolled trials in Japan have shown that sho-saiko-to or very similar traditional Japanese and Chinese herbal formulas (all containing bupleurum) can reduce seizure frequency and/or severity in people with epilepsy that does not respond to anti-seizure medications.14 15 16 17 However, double-blind trials are still needed to determine the importance of these findings.
Sho-saiko-to has been found to inhibit human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the test tube.18 Yet, it is unclear to what degree bupleurum or saikosaponins contributed to this effect. Sho-saiko-to also increased the efficacy of the standard anti-HIV drug lamivudine in the test tube.19 Human data are lacking on the benefit of sho-saiko-to or bupleurum in people with HIV infection or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
How much is usually taken?
Generally 500–2,000 mg bupleurum dry root are taken three times daily in capsules.20 Traditionally, and in some clinical studies, bupleurum was prepared as a tea in which the root is decocted or cooked for hours before use. Some people take 1–4 grams per cup of water, three times daily. Sho-saiko-to formula is typically given in capsules (1.8–2.5 grams) three times per day. The amount given to children should be proportionally reduced based on individual weight and height as compared to adults.21
Are there any side effects or interactions?
Bupleurum and sho-saiko-to taken as a tea can upset the stomach, an effect that tends to be lessened by taking them with food or in capsules. Bupleurum and sho-saiko-to are not recommended during pregnancy and breast-feeding.
Sho-saiko-to has been used alone and with interferon to treat hepatitis. Eighty or more cases of drug-induced pneumonitis (inflammation of the lungs) have been associated with the use of sho-saiko-to alone or with interferon.22 23 24 25 26 Until more is known, sho-saiko-to should not be combined with interferon.
Are there any drug interactions?
Certain medicines may interact with bupleurum. Refer to drug interactions for a list of those medicines.
Drug Interactions
Certain medicines interact with bupleurum: Some interactions may increase the need for bupleurum (+), other interactions may be negative (-) and indicate bupleurum should not be taken without first speaking with your physician or pharmacist, others may require further explanation (?). Refer to the individual drug article for specific details about an interaction.
Note: The following list only includes the generic or class name of a medicine. To find a specific brand name, use the Medicines index.
Interferon (-)
Source: www.cncahealth.com

bugleweed

Botanical name
Lycopus virginicus
Parts used and where grown
The leaves and flowers of this plant from the mint family are used medicinally. Both bugleweed and its European cousin, gypsywort (Lycopus europaeus), grow in very wet areas.
Bugleweed has been used in connection with the following conditions (refer to the individual health concern for complete information):
Science Ratings - Health Concerns
* - Breast pain
* - Hyperthyroidism
*** - Reliable and relatively consistent scientific data showing a substantial health benefit.
** - Contradictory, insufficient, or preliminary studies suggesting a health benefit or minimal health benefit.
* - For an herb, supported by traditional use but minimal or no scientific evidence. For a supplement, little scientific support and/or minimal health benefit.
Historical or traditional use (may or may not be supported by scientific studies)
The modern applications of bugleweed, unlike many medicinal plants, do not match its traditional use. Historically, bugleweed and related species were used to treat coughs and as a sedative.1 Today, the main use of this herb is for treating mild hyperthyroidism.
Active constituents
Lithospermic acid and other organic acids are believed to be responsible for bugleweed’s activity. These acids decrease levels of several hormones in the body, particularly thyroid-stimulating hormones2 and the thyroid hormone thyroxine (T4).3 Bugleweed inhibits the binding of antibodies to the thyroid gland.4 These antibodies can cause the most common form of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease. All these actions may help explain bugleweed’s benefit in people with mildly overactive thyroids.
How much is usually taken?
The German Commission E monograph recommends 1–2 grams of the whole herb per day.5 Intake of tincture should be limited to 1–2 ml three times a day. Bugleweed is often combined with other herbs used to treat mildly overactive thyroid function, including lemon balm (Melissa officinalis) and gromwell (Lithospermum ruderale).
Are there any side effects or interactions?
Excessive intake of bugleweed by people with thyroid disease or use by healthy people may cause a potentially harmful decrease in thyroid function. Thyroid disease is dangerous and should only be treated under the supervision of a healthcare professional. However, long-term use of bugleweed is considered safe for people with hyperthyroidism.6 Bugleweed should not be taken by people with hypothyroidism. Bugleweed should also not be used during pregnancy and breast-feeding.7
Are there any drug interactions?
Certain medicines may interact with bugleweed. Refer to drug interactions for a list of those medicines.
Drug Interactions
Certain medicines interact with bugleweed: Some interactions may increase the need for bugleweed (+), other interactions may be negative (-) and indicate bugleweed should not be taken without first speaking with your physician or pharmacist, others may require further explanation (?). Refer to the individual drug article for specific details about an interaction.
Note: The following list only includes the generic or class name of a medicine. To find a specific brand name, use the Medicines index.
Thyroid Hormones (-)
Source: www.cncahealth.com

buchu

Botanical names
Barosma betulina, Agathosma betulina, Agathosma crenultata
Parts used and where grown
Buchu is a low shrub native to the Cape region of South Africa. The dried leaves are harvested during the flowering season. The oil can be obtained by steam distillation of the leaves. The two primary species of buchu used commercially are Agathosma betulina (syn. Barosma betulina) and Agathosma crenulata (syn. Barosma crenultata).
Buchu has been used in connection with the following conditions (refer to the individual health concern for complete information):
Science Ratings - Health Concerns
* - Urinary tract infections and inflammation
*** - Reliable and relatively consistent scientific data showing a substantial health benefit.
** - Contradictory, insufficient, or preliminary studies suggesting a health benefit or minimal health benefit.
* - For an herb, supported by traditional use but minimal or no scientific evidence. For a supplement, little scientific support and/or minimal health benefit.
Historical or traditional use (may or may not be supported by scientific studies)
Buchu leaf preparations have a long history of use in traditional herbal medicine as a urinary tract disinfectant and diuretic.1 Buchu was used by herbalists to treat urinary tract infections and inflammation, as well as inflammation of the prostate. In Europe, it was also used to treat gout.2 The original use of buchu by the native peoples of southern Africa is unclear because buchu is a general term for aromatic plants.3 It appears to have been applied topically, possibly as an insect repellant, and also used internally for stomach problems, rheumatism and bladder problems.
Active constituents
The leaves of buchu contain 1.0–3.5% volatile oils as well as flavonoids.4 The urinary tract antiseptic actions of buchu are thought to be due to the volatile oils. The primary volatile oil component thought to have antibacterial action is the monoterpene disophenol. However, one test tube study using buchu oil found no significant antibacterial effect.5
How much is usually taken?
The German Commission E Monograph concludes there is insufficient evidence to support the modern use of buchu for the treatment of urinary tract infections or inflammation.6 However, some traditional herbal practitioners continue to recommend the herb for these conditions. Traditional recommendations for the herb include the use of 1–2 grams of the dried leaf taken three times daily in capsules or in a tea.7 Tinctures can be used at 2–4 ml three times per day.
Are there any side effects or interactions?
Buchu may cause gastrointestinal irritation and should only be taken with meals. Also, it should not be used by pregnant or breast-feeding women.
Are there any drug interactions?
Certain medicines may interact with buchu. Refer to drug interactions for a list of those medicines.
Drug Interactions
Certain medicines interact with buchu: Some interactions may increase the need for buchu (+), other interactions may be negative (-) and indicate buchu should not be taken without first speaking with your physician or pharmacist, others may require further explanation (?). Refer to the individual drug article for specific details about an interaction.
Note: The following list only includes the generic or class name of a medicine. To find a specific brand name, use the Medicines index.
Loop Diuretics (-)
Spironolactone (-)
Thiazide Diuretics (-)
Triamterene (-)

plantain

Common names
Broadleaf plantain, Lanceleaf plantain, Ribwort
Botanical names
Plantago lanceolata, Plantago major
Parts used and where grown
These green, weedy plants are native to Europe and Asia, but now grow practically anywhere in the world where there is sufficient water. Plantain should not be confused with the banana-like vegetable of the same name. The leaves of plantain are primarily used as medicine. The seeds of plantain can also be used medicinally, having mild laxative effects similar to the seeds of psyllium, a close relative of plantain.
Plantain has been used in connection with the following conditions (refer to the individual health concern for complete information):
Science Ratings - Health Concerns
** - Chronic bronchitis
** - Poison ivy and poison oak dermatitis
* - Burns (topical)
* - Cough
* - Dermatitis (topical)
* - Insect bites or stings (topical)
* - Peptic ulcer
* - Urinary tract infections
* - Wounds (topical)
*** - Reliable and relatively consistent scientific data showing a substantial health benefit.
** - Contradictory, insufficient, or preliminary studies suggesting a health benefit or minimal health benefit.
* - For an herb, supported by traditional use but minimal or no scientific evidence. For a supplement, little scientific support and/or minimal health benefit.
Historical or traditional use (may or may not be supported by scientific studies)
Plantain has long been considered by herbalists to be a useful remedy for cough, wounds, inflamed skin or dermatitis, and insect bites.1 Bruised or crushed leaves have been applied topically to treat insect bites and stings, eczema, and small wounds or cuts. It was considered by herbalists to be a gentle, soothing expectorant, and additionally to have a mild astringent effect said to help remedy hemorrhoids or bladder infections with mild amounts of blood in the urine.2
Active constituents
The major constituents in plantain are mucilage, iridoid glycosides (particularly aucubin), and tannins. Together these constituents are thought to give plantain mild anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antihemorrhagic, and expectorant actions.3 4 Plantain is approved by the German Commission E for internal use to ease coughs and mucous membrane irritation associated with upper respiratory tract infections as well as topical use for skin inflammations.5 Two Bulgarian clinical trials have suggested that plantain may be effective in the treatment of chronic bronchitis.6 7 Insufficient details were provided in these reports to determine the quality of the trials or their findings. Although plantain was thought to possess diuretic properties, one double-blind trial failed to show any diuretic effect for this plant.8 A preliminary trial found that topical use of a plantain ointment (10% ground plantain in a base of petroleum jelly) was helpful as part of the treatment of people with impetigo and ecthyma, two inflammatory skin disorders.9 Insufficient details were provided in this report, however, to determine the quality of the study or its findings.
How much is usually taken?
The German Commission E recommends using 1/4–1/2 teaspoon (1–3 grams) of the leaf daily in the form of tea made by steeping the herb in 1 cup (250 ml) of hot water for 10–15 minutes (making three cups (750 ml ) per day).10 The fresh leaves can be applied directly three or four times per day to minor injuries, dermatitis, and insect stings.11 Syrups or tinctures, approximately 1/2 teaspoon (2–3 ml) three times per day, can also be used, particularly to treat a cough.12 Finally, 1/2–1 1/4 teaspoons (2–6 grams) of the fresh plant can be juiced and taken in three evenly divided oral administrations throughout the day.13
Are there any side effects or interactions?
Plantain is not associated with any common side effects and is thought to be safe for children.14 There is no information available about its use by pregnant or nursing women, though topical application appears to be safe. Adulteration of plantain with digitalis leading to dangerous side effects has been reported in Switzerland and the United States.15 Although rare, it points to the need for consumers to purchase herbs from companies that carefully test their herbal products for adulteration.
At the time of writing, there were no well-known drug interactions with plantain.
Source: www.cncahealth.com

comfrey

Common names
Knitbone, Boneset
Botanical name
Symphytum officinale
Parts used and where grown
The leaf and root of comfrey have been employed medicinally for centuries. Originally from Europe and western Asia, it is now also grown in North America.
Comfrey has been used in connection with the following conditions (refer to the individual health concern for complete information):
Science Ratings - Health Concerns
** - Sprains (topical)
* - Broken bones (topical)
* - Bruises (topical)
* - Chronic skin ulcer (topical)
* - Conjunctivitis/blepharitis (topical eye application)
* - Cough
* - Peptic ulcer
* - Thrombophlebitis (topical)
* - Wound healing (topical)
*** - Reliable and relatively consistent scientific data showing a substantial health benefit.
** - Contradictory, insufficient, or preliminary studies suggesting a health benefit or minimal health benefit.
* - For an herb, supported by traditional use but minimal or no scientific evidence. For a supplement, little scientific support and/or minimal health benefit.
Historical or traditional use (may or may not be supported by scientific studies)
Comfrey has a long history of use as a topical agent for treating wounds, skin ulcers, thrombophlebitis, bruises, and sprains and strains.1 2 Comfrey was used by herbalists to promote more rapid repair of broken bones, hence the common names boneset and knitbone. Topically, comfrey was also used to treat minor skin irritations and inflammation. It has also been used as a wash or topical application for eye irritations and for treating conjunctivitis. Internally, it was used to treat gastrointestinal problems, such as stomach ulcers, and lung problems.
Active constituents
Mucilage and allantoin are considered the major constituents in comfrey responsible for the herbs soothing and anti-inflammatory actions.3
How much is usually taken?
Fresh, peeled root or dried root, approximately 3.5 ounces (100 grams), is simmered in 1 pint (500 ml) of water for ten to fifteen minutes to prepare comfrey for topical use.4 Cloth or gauze is soaked in this liquid, then applied to the skin for at least 15 minutes. Fresh leaves can be ground up lightly and applied directly to the skin. Alternatively, creams or ointments made from root or leaf can be applied. All topical preparations should be applied several times per day.
Due to variations in pyrrolizidine alkaloid content, root preparations are unsafe for internal use unless they are guaranteed pyrrolizidine-free. Although comfrey root tea has been used traditionally, the danger of its pyrrolizidine alkaloids is significant. Therefore, comfrey root and young leaf preparations should not be taken internally.
Are there any side effects or interactions?
Comfrey contains potentially dangerous compounds known as pyrrolizidine alkaloids. The roots contain higher levels of these compounds and mature leaves contain very little, if any, of these alkaloids.5 6 Fresh young leaves contain higher amounts (up to 16 times more than mature leaves) and should be avoided.7 Other related forms, such as Russian comfrey (Symphytum uplandicum) and prickly comfrey (S. asperum), are sometimes available or mistakenly sold as regular comfrey but contain higher levels of these alkaloids.8 Several cases of people who developed liver disease or other serious problems from taking capsules or tea of comfrey have been reported over the years.9
Most comfrey products do not list their pyrrolizidine alkaloid content on the label. Therefore, it is best to avoid internal use of products made from comfrey root or young leaves altogether.
At the time of writing, there were no well-known drug interactions with comfrey.
Source: www.cncahealth.com

suma

Common name
Brazilian ginseng, Para todo
Botanical names
Pfaffia paniculata, Hebanthe paniculata
Parts used and where grown
Suma is a large shrubby vine native to the rain forests of the Amazon and other tropical regions of Latin America, including Brazil, Ecuador, Panama, Peru, and Venezuela.1 The root of the plant is used medicinally.
Historical or traditional use (may or may not be supported by scientific studies)
Although suma is claimed as an ancient Brazilian folk remedy, no confirmation of that statement is found in the modern literature on medicinal plants. Advocates have claimed suma is an immune enhancer, an adaptogen (helps combat stress), and that it possesses anticancer activities. Test tube studies do indicate possible anti-tumor activity of suma constituents called pfaffosides. Suma has been marketed as Brazilian ginseng, though it is not an adaptogen (a substance that invigorates or strengthens the system) and is not related to Asian ginseng or American ginseng. In light of the lack of known traditional use, and of modern research confirming health benefits, use of suma is not recommended for any condition at this time.2
Active constituents
Suma root contains several major constituents, including the nortriterpene pfaffic acid, six pfaffic acid saponins (pfaffosides A–F), pterosterone, ecdysterone, and ecdysteroid glycosides.3 4 Although widespread claims are made for this herb for the treatment of chronic fatigue, stress, menopausal symptoms, and diabetes, they are not supported by current human clinical research. What little research has been done focuses on the plant’s anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, and aphrodisiac effects and has been completed only in test tubes or with animals.5 6 7 8
How much is usually taken?
Suma root, 500 to 1,000 mg two to three times per day, can be used.9
Are there any side effects or interactions?
Very little is known about the adverse effects of this herb. Saponins, such as the pfaffosides found in this plant, can cause nausea when taken in excessive quantities. Occupational inhalation of suma dust has been known to trigger asthma.10 The safety of this plant has not been established for use during pregnancy or breast-feeding.
At the time of writing, there were no well-known drug interactions with suma.
Source: www.cncahealth.com

boneset

Botanical name
Eupatorium perfoliatum
Parts used and where grown
Boneset belongs to the same botanical family as echinacea and daisy (Asteraceae). It grows primarily in North America. Boneset’s leaves and flowering tops are used medicinally.
Boneset has been used in connection with the following conditions (refer to the individual health concern for complete information):
Science Ratings - Health Concerns
* - Common cold/sore throat
* - Influenza
*** - Reliable and relatively consistent scientific data showing a substantial health benefit.
** - Contradictory, insufficient, or preliminary studies suggesting a health benefit or minimal health benefit.
* - For an herb, supported by traditional use but minimal or no scientific evidence. For a supplement, little scientific support and/or minimal health benefit.
Historical or traditional use (may or may not be supported by scientific studies)
Native Americans used boneset as a treatment for a wide range of infectious and fever-related conditions. Europeans eventually adopted the use of the plant, and extended its traditional uses to include malaria.1
Active constituents
Boneset contains sesquiterpene lactones, such as euperfolin, euperfolitin, and eufoliatin, as well as polysaccharides and flavonoids. In a test tube study, a particular polysaccharide in boneset was found to stimulate immune cell function.2 This may partially explain its use to treat minor viral infections, such as colds and the flu. Boneset also triggers sweating by raising body temperature, potentially of benefit for colds and flu as well.3
How much is usually taken?
Traditionally, boneset is taken as a tea or tincture. To prepare a tea, boiling water is added to 1/4–1/2 teaspoon (1–2 grams) of the herb and allowed to steep, covered, for ten to fifteen minutes. Three cups (750 ml) a day may be taken (the tea is quite bitter). Tincture, 1/4–3/4 teaspoon (1–4 ml) three times per day, is also often taken.4
Are there any side effects or interactions?
A small number of people experience nausea and/or vomiting when using boneset. The fresh plant, however, is more likely to cause this than the dried herb. Although potentially liver-damaging chemicals, called pyrrolizidine alkaloids, are found in some plants similar to boneset, the levels in boneset are minimal. There are no known reports of liver damage from taking boneset. Nevertheless, patients with liver disease should avoid boneset, and no one should take it consistently for longer than six months. Boneset is not recommended during pregnancy or breast-feeding. Boneset should not be used when a high fever (over 102 degrees F) is present.
At the time of writing, there were no well-known drug interactions with boneset.
Source: www.cncahealth.com

boldo

Botanical name
Peumus boldus
Parts used and where grown
Boldo is an evergreen shrub or small tree that is native to Chile and is naturalized to the Mediterranean region of Europe. The leaves are used medicinally.1
Boldo has been used in connection with the following conditions (refer to the individual health concern for complete information):
Science Ratings - Health Concerns
* - Indigestion and heartburn
*** - Reliable and relatively consistent scientific data showing a substantial health benefit.
** - Contradictory, insufficient, or preliminary studies suggesting a health benefit or minimal health benefit.
* - For an herb, supported by traditional use but minimal or no scientific evidence. For a supplement, little scientific support and/or minimal health benefit.
Historical or traditional use (may or may not be supported by scientific studies)
Boldo has a long history of use by the indigenous people of Chile, as a liver tonic and in the treatment of gallstones.
Active constituents
Boldo contains several types of primary constituents, including volatile oils (for example, ascaridole, eucalyptol), flavonoids, and alkaloids. Boldine, which constitutes about one-fourth of the total number of alkaloids present, is the major alkaloid.2 Scientists believe that boldine is responsible for the plant’s choloretic (bile stimulating) and diuretic actions.3 In conjunction with other herbs, such as cascara, rhubarb, and gentian, boldo has been reported to improve appetite.4 Ascaridole, a compound found in the volatile oil of the plant, has been used as an anti-parasitic agent but is no longer recommended due its to toxic side effects.5
How much is usually taken?
Tinctures that are free of ascaridoles are sometimes recommended. People may take 1 ml of tincture three times per day. Volatile oil of boldo is not recommended due to its high ascaridole content.6 7 The dried leaf can be used as an infusion at 3 grams per day.
Are there any side effects or interactions?
The German Commission E monograph suggests that only an ascaridole-free preparation should be used internally. Boldo contains terpene-4-ol, an ingredient similar to that found in juniper, and should be avoided by people with kidney disease, as it could cause kidney irritation.8 9 In addition, the herb should not be taken during pregnancy or breast-feeding. It should also be avoided by people who have obstruction of the liver bile duct, or severe liver disease.10 There is one case report of liver damage occurring in a person taking a laxative containing boldo. The herb was suspected, though not proven, to be the cause.11 Excessive use of the herb over long time periods (more than three to four weeks continuously) is not recommended.
At the time of writing, there were no well-known drug interactions with boldo.

blue flag

Common name
Fleur-de-Lis
Botanical name
Iris versicolor
Parts used and where grown
The rhizome, or underground stem, of the blue flag (indicating its showy blue flowers) is used medicinally. Blue flag and closely related species (particularly Iris missouriensis, western blue flag) grow across North America.
Blue flag has been used in connection with the following conditions (refer to the individual health concern for complete information):
Science Ratings - Health Concerns
* - Impetigo (topical)
*** - Reliable and relatively consistent scientific data showing a substantial health benefit.
** - Contradictory, insufficient, or preliminary studies suggesting a health benefit or minimal health benefit.
* - For an herb, supported by traditional use but minimal or no scientific evidence. For a supplement, little scientific support and/or minimal health benefit.
Historical or traditional use (may or may not be supported by scientific studies)
Based on Native American traditions, Eclectic physicians (19th century doctors who relied on herbs) and herbalists used blue flag for a number of conditions. Of note was its use as a nonspecific immune enhancer, as a laxative, and to detoxify the intestinal tract.1 Topical application of fresh, sliced rhizomes to the sores of impetigo (a common bacterial skin infection in children) has been recommended by herbalists.2 Traditional herbalists have used blue flag to treat poor digestion characterized by fat malabsorption.
Active constituents
The resinous fraction of blue flag contains numerous phenolic glycosides. Traditional herbal texts suggest these constituents stimulate the parasympathetic nervous system, leading to production of bile, saliva, and sweat.3 However, modern clinical trials have not confirmed these effects for blue flag.
How much is usually taken?
Herbalists sometimes recommend up to 10 drops of tincture of the dried rhizome be taken three times per day.4 The tea form is unlikely to be effective, since the active compounds in blue flag are not water soluble.
Are there any side effects or interactions?
Blue flag can cause nausea, vomiting, and loose stools if too much is taken.5 People should not exceed the recommended amount given above. Fresh rhizome should only be applied topically and never taken internally, since it can irritate the mouth6 and is much more likely to cause nausea and diarrhea. Blue flag should only be taken on the advice of a physician or herbalist trained in its use. Blue flag is unsafe for use during pregnancy or breast-feeding. People should not give blue flag to children.
At the time of writing, there were no well-known drug interactions with blue flag.
Source: www.cncahealth.com

bloodroot

Botanical name
Sanguinaria canadensis
Parts used and where grown
Bloodroot grows primarily in North America and in India. The rhizomes and root of the plant contain an orange-red latex.
Bloodroot has been used in connection with the following conditions (refer to the individual health concern for complete information):
Science Ratings - Health Concerns
** - Gingivitis (periodontal disease)
* - Cough
* - Halitosis (rinse)
*** - Reliable and relatively consistent scientific data showing a substantial health benefit.
** - Contradictory, insufficient, or preliminary studies suggesting a health benefit or minimal health benefit.
* - For an herb, supported by traditional use but minimal or no scientific evidence. For a supplement, little scientific support and/or minimal health benefit.
Historical or traditional use (may or may not be supported by scientific studies)
Native Americans employed bloodroot extensively in ritual and medicine. The dye was used as a body paint.1 Sore throats, cough, rheumatic pains, and various types of cancer were all treated with bloodroot.
Active constituents
Alkaloids—principally sanguinarine—constitute the primary active compounds in bloodroot. These are sometimes used in toothpaste and other oral hygiene products because they inhibit the growth of oral bacteria.2 3 Not all trials have found sanguinaria-containing dental products helpful for gum disease, however.4
How much is usually taken?
Sanguinarine-containing toothpastes and mouth rinses should be used according to manufacturer’s directions. Bloodroot tincture is sometimes included in cough-relieving formulas, and 10 drops or less may be taken three times per day.5 However, bloodroot is rarely used alone for this purpose.
Are there any side effects or interactions?
Although previous studies have suggested the long-term use of dental products containing sanguinarine is safe,6 a recent report suggests that use of dental preparations containing blood root may be associated with leukoplakia—a condition characterized by white spots or patches in the mouth that is thought to be precancerous.7 Only small amounts of bloodroot should be taken internally, since amounts as small as 1 ml (approximately 20–30 drops) of tincture or 1 gram (approximately 1/30th ounce) can cause nausea and vomiting.8 9
Long-term use or overdose of bloodroot can also cause stomach pain, diarrhea, visual changes, paralysis, fainting, and collapse.10 Long-term oral intake of sanguinarine-contaminated cooking oils has been linked in India to glaucoma, edema, heart disease, miscarriage, and diarrhea.11 The sanguinarine in these cases came from plants other than bloodroot. Nevertheless, bloodroot should not be used long term. The plant is unsafe for use in children and should not be used by pregnant or lactating women.
Recently the practice of applying ointments containing bloodroot, such as the so-called “black salve,” has been promoted for treatment of skin and other types of cancer.12 These ointments have never been tested in clinical studies, so their efficacy for treating cancer is unknown. They can cause severe pain, burns, and damage to healthy skin. It is imperative to seek professional diagnosis and treatment for all forms of cancer.
At the time of writing, there were no well-known drug interactions with bloodroot.
Source: www.cncahealth.com

maca

Common names
Maca, black maca, red maca
Botanical names
Lepidium meyenii, Lepidium peruvianum
Parts used and where grown
Maca is a cruciferous vegetable in the mustard family, related to radishes and turnips. Used as food and medicine in the Andes Mountains of Peru, it is not known to occur naturally anywhere else in the world. The four major cultivars of maca are red, black, cream, and purple; none has been definitely proven to be medicinally superior to any other.
Maca has been used in connection with the following conditions (refer to the individual health concern for complete information):
Science Ratings - Health Concerns
** - Low libido
** - Male infertility
* - Stress
*** - Reliable and relatively consistent scientific data showing a substantial health benefit.
** - Contradictory, insufficient, or preliminary studies suggesting a health benefit or minimal health benefit.
* -For an herb, supported by traditional use but minimal or no scientific evidence. For a supplement, little scientific support and/or minimal health benefit.
Historical or traditional use (may or may not be supported by scientific studies)
Maca root has been an important food for the native people in the Andes of Peru, including the Incas, for at least 2,000 years.1 It is eaten baked, dried, mixed with milk, or in a variety of other forms and dishes. It is also traditionally believed to enhance strength, endurance, libido, and fertility.2
Active constituents
Maca contains substantial quantities of protein, fat, fiber, and minerals including iron, which also contribute to its nutritional value. It also contains glucosinolates,3 the strong-smelling compounds that are responsible for the pungent smell and taste of mustard family plants. Neither these nor any other constituents in maca have definitively been shown to contribute to its actions.
Preliminary studies have shown that maca can increase libido in healthy men.4 It does this without influencing levels of testosterone or any other sex hormones.5 Healthy men who take maca have also been shown to have increased semen volume, increased sperm counts, and enhanced sperm motility.6
Numerous animal studies show that maca extracts can increase sex drive and improve fertility.7 8 9 Other studies support that it can relieve the negative effects of stress reactions.10 The red cultivar, though not the black or cream, also reduced enlarged prostates in rats.11
How much is usually taken?
The amount used successfully in studies so far has been 500 to 1,000 mg three times per day of dried root powder in capsules.12
Are there any side effects or interactions?
Glucosinolates can cause goiter (swollen thyroid gland with decreased activity) if taken in excess combined with a low-iodine diet. Though this is documented to occur with other glucosinolate-rich foods, it is not known if maca causes goiter.
At the time of writing, there were no well-known drug interactions with maca.
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