understanding herbal terminology

There are many words used to describe herbs and their actions on the body. The following is a guide to understanding these unique terms.
Decoction
extract of a crude drug made by boiling or simmering (cooking) herbs in water; stronger than a tea or infusion.
Source: www.cncahealth.com

understanding herbal terminology

There are many words used to describe herbs and their actions on the body. The following is a guide to understanding these unique terms.
Counterirritant
an agent that causes a distracting irritation intended to relieve another irritation.
Source: www.cncahealth.com

understanding herbal terminology

There are many words used to describe herbs and their actions on the body. The following is a guide to understanding these unique terms.
Concentration
the amount of material in a solution in relationship to the amount of solvent; expressed as the ratio.
For example:
1:5 concentration means that 5 parts of an extract contains the equivalent of one part of the raw herb;
4:1 concentration means that 1 part of an extract contains the equivalent of 4 parts of the raw herb.
Source: www.cncahealth.com

understanding herbal terminology

There are many words used to describe herbs and their actions on the body. The following is a guide to understanding these unique terms.
Choleretic
an agent that stimulates the formation of bile.
Source: www.cncahealth.com

understanding herbal terminology

There are many words used to describe herbs and their actions on the body. The following is a guide to understanding these unique terms.
Cholegogue
an agent that stimulates secretion and release of bile.
Source: www.cncahealth.com

understanding herbal terminology

There are many words used to describe herbs and their actions on the body. The following is a guide to understanding these unique terms.
Cathartic
a powerful agent used to relieve severe constipation (also called a purgative).
Source: www.cncahealth.com

understanding herbal terminology

There are many words used to describe herbs and their actions on the body. The following is a guide to understanding these unique terms.
Catarrh
inflammation of a mucous membrane, especially of the respiratory tract.
Source: www.cncahealth.com

understanding herbal terminology

There are many words used to describe herbs and their actions on the body. The following is a guide to understanding these unique terms.
Carminative
a substance that stops the formation of intestinal gas and helps expel gas that has already formed.
Source: www.cncahealth.com

understanding herbal terminology

There are many words used to describe herbs and their actions on the body. The following is a guide to understanding these unique terms.
Calmative
an agent with mild sedative or hypnotic properties.
Source: www.cncahealth.com

understanding herbal terminology

There are many words used to describe herbs and their actions on the body. The following is a guide to understanding these unique terms.
Bolus
a suppository poultice used for vaginal or rectal application; made by mixing powdered herb material in melted cocoa butter or similar base and hand-forming suppositories as the matrix cools.
Source: www.cncahealth.com

understanding herbal terminology

There are many words used to describe herbs and their actions on the body. The following is a guide to understanding these unique terms.
Bitter tonic
a substance with an acrid, astringent or disagreeable taste that stimulates flow of saliva and gastric juices.
Source: www.cncahealth.com

understanding herbal terminology

There are many words used to describe herbs and their actions on the body. The following is a guide to understanding these unique terms.
Astringent
an agent that contracts or shrinks tissues; it is used to decrease secretions or control bleeding.
Source: www.cncahealth.com

understanding herbal terminology

There are many words used to describe herbs and their actions on the body. The following is a guide to understanding these unique terms.
Aromatic
a substance with a strong, volatile, fragrant aroma; often with stimulant properties.
Source: www.cncahealth.com

understanding herbal terminology

There are many words used to describe herbs and their actions on the body. The following is a guide to understanding these unique terms.
Aphrodisiac
a substance that increases sexual desire or potency.
Source: www.cncahealth.com

understanding herbal terminology

There are many words used to describe herbs and their actions on the body. The following is a guide to understanding these unique terms.
Aperitif
an agent that stimulates the appetite.
Source: www.cncahealth.com

understanding herbal terminology

There are many words used to describe herbs and their actions on the body. The following is a guide to understanding these unique terms.
Aperient
a mild and gentle-acting laxative.
Source: www.cncahealth.com

understanding herbal terminology

There are many words used to describe herbs and their actions on the body. The following is a guide to understanding these unique terms.
Antispasmodic
an agent that relieves spasms or cramps.
Source: www.cncahealth.com

understanding herbal terminology

There are many words used to describe herbs and their actions on the body. The following is a guide to understanding these unique terms.
Antipyretic
an agent that reduces or prevents fever (also called a febrifuge).
Source: www.cncahealth.com

understanding herbal terminology

There are many words used to describe herbs and their actions on the body. The following is a guide to understanding these unique terms.
Antihydrotic
a substance that reduces or suppresses perspiration.
Source: www.cncahealth.com

understanding herbal terminology

There are many words used to describe herbs and their actions on the body. The following is a guide to understanding these unique terms.
Antihelmintic, anthelmintic
a substance that expels or destroys intestinal worms (also called a vermifuge).
Source: www.cncahealth.com

understanding herbal terminology

There are many words used to describe herbs and their actions on the body. The following is a guide to understanding these unique terms.
Anodyne
a pain relieving agent, less potent than an anesthetic or narcotic.
Source: www.cncahealth.com

understanding herbal terminology

There are many words used to describe herbs and their actions on the body. The following is a guide to understanding these unique terms.
Analgesic
a substance that reduces or relieves pain.
Source: www.cncahealth.com

understanding herbal terminology

There are many words used to describe herbs and their actions on the body. The following is a guide to understanding these unique terms.
Alkaloid
heterogeneous group of alkaline, organic, compounds containing nitrogen and usually oxygen; generally colorless and bitter-tasting; especially found in seed plants.
Source: www.cncahealth.com

understanding herbal terminology

There are many words used to describe herbs and their actions on the body. The following is a guide to understanding these unique terms.
Alterative
a substance that produces a gradual, beneficial change in the body.
Source: www.cncahealth.com

understanding herbal terminology

There are many words used to describe herbs and their actions on the body. The following is a guide to understanding these unique terms.
Adaptogen
a substance that invigorates or strengthens the system (also called a tonic).
Source: www.cncahealth.com

shelled hemp seed

Common names
Hemp seed, hemp fruit, huo ma ren
Botanical names
Cannabis sativa, Cannabis indica
Parts used and where grown
Hemp is a form of the same plant as marijuana that generally has much lower levels of the psychoactive cannabinoid compounds. The seed and seed oil have probably been used for food, cooking, and lamp oil in Asia and North Africa for millennia. Hemp is believed to come from China. The nutty seeds normally have a hard shell which has to be removed to make it edible. Today, in order to be legal in most countries, the seeds must be treated so that they cannot be planted and grown.
Shelled hemp seed has been used in connection with the following conditions (refer to the individual health concern for complete information):
Science Ratings - Health Concerns
* - Atherosclerosis
* - Attention deficient–hyperactivity disorder (ADD/ADHD)
* - Eczema
*** - Reliable and relatively consistent scientific data showing a substantial health benefit.
** - Contradictory, insufficient, or preliminary studies suggesting a health benefit or minimal health benefit.
* - For an herb, supported by traditional use but minimal or no scientific evidence. For a supplement, little scientific support and/or minimal health benefit.
Historical or traditional use (may or may not be supported by scientific studies)
Hemp is known from archeological and historical records to have been used for a very long time for making fiber for clothing and ropes. The edible seeds and oil expressed from the seeds are noted in ancient Chinese medicine for their medicinal effects as well. Known as huo ma ren (literally “fire hemp seed”), hemp seed is used primarily for alleviating constipation as a bulk-forming laxative.1 Hemp is also mentioned in ancient Egyptian medical texts such as the Ebers papyrus as well as other places for use in making rope.2
Active constituents
Hemp seeds contain oil that is relatively rich in essential fatty acids. In particular, hemp oil is a source of both the omega-3 fatty acid alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) and the omega-6 fatty acid gamma-linolenic acid (GLA). A tablespoon of seeds generally contains 3 to 4 grams of total fat, of which 70% are polyunsaturated fats and as much as 15 to 20% are ALA.3 GLA content is generally much lower at roughly 2 to 5%. ALA and GLA and other plants that contain one or both of these substances, such as flax, borage, evening primrose, and black currant, are known or strongly believed to have benefits for a variety of inflammatory conditions, atherosclerosis, and some neurological problems. However, the benefits of hemp seed for any of these issues has not been studied. Hemp also contains natural vitamin E and a significant amount of protein.4
An unidentified compound or compounds from an extract of hemp seeds has been shown to promote memory, learning, and immune function in mice.5 6 It is believed to act by stimulating a brain enzyme known as calcineurin.
Hemp seeds contain cannabinols such as delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the psychoactive compounds found in marijuana leaves, flowers, and seeds. The levels are generally significantly lower than those found in marijuana products, and most tests have found that volunteers fed even large amounts of shelled hemp seed or oil do not have psychological effects and do not have positive urine tests for marijuana.7 8 However, some reports have found that some people can develop sufficient levels of THC metabolites in their urine that they would be considered to have smoked marijuana.9
How much is usually taken?
Typically 1 tablespoon (15 grams) of shelled hemp seed is taken twice per day.
Are there any side effects or interactions?
For most people there are no side effects, except sometimes loosening of the stool. However, some people may experience hallucinations or euphoria if they are particularly sensitive to THC or if they happen to use a brand that has somewhat higher THC levels. As the oils in hemp seed are known to inhibit platelets, anyone taking hemp seed oil with anticoagulant drugs should be aware that there is a theoretical possibility that bleeding could occur.
At the time of writing, there were no well-known drug interactions with shelled hemp seed.
Source: www.cncahealth.com

greater celandine

Botanical name
Chelidonium majus
Parts used and where grown
Greater celandine grows primarily in Europe and Asia, although it has been introduced in North America. The leaves and small yellow flowers of greater celandine are used as medicine. Although the roots and rhizomes of the plant have also been used medicinally, most clinical trials have used the above-ground parts of the plant collected at the time of flowering.1
Greater celandine has been used in connection with the following conditions (refer to the individual health concern for complete information):
Science Ratings - Health Concerns
*** - Indigestion
* - Biliary dyskinesia
* - Cholecystitis
* - Warts
*** - Reliable and relatively consistent scientific data showing a substantial health benefit.
** - Contradictory, insufficient, or preliminary studies suggesting a health benefit or minimal health benefit.
* - For an herb, supported by traditional use but minimal or no scientific evidence. For a supplement, little scientific support and/or minimal health benefit.
Historical or traditional use (may or may not be supported by scientific studies)
European herbal traditions regard greater celandine as a valuable remedy for the topical treatment of warts.2 It was also a folk remedy for cancer, gout, jaundice, and a variety of skin diseases. The famous French herbalist Maurice Mességué used greater celandine extensively in hand and foot baths and teas for many conditions, particularly those affecting the liver.3 In eastern Asia it was also valued as a treatment for peptic ulcer.4
Active constituents
Greater celandine, like other members of the Papaveraceae (poppy) family, contains alkaloids as its major constituents. These include chelidoxanthine, chelidonine, and coptisine. Greater celandine extracts have been shown to stimulate production of bile and pancreatic digestive enzymes in human studies.5
Animal and test tube studies have shown that the alkaloids and whole plant extract can relieve gallbladder spasms and stimulate an under-active gallbladder.6 7 Test tube and animal studies have also shown celandine extracts and purified alkaloids to have anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer and antimicrobial properties.8 9 10 They have also shown greater celandine’s ability to protect animal livers from toxic substances.11 12
A double-blind trial found that a standardized extract of greater celandine could relieve symptoms of indigestion (such as abdominal cramping, sensation of fullness, and nausea) significantly better than a placebo.13 The trial used an extract standardized to 4 mg of chelidonine per capsule and gave 1–2 tablets three times daily for six weeks. An earlier, preliminary trial also found the same extract reduced symptoms in people with indigestion.14
Preliminary reports from Russia and China have reported that a tincture of greater celandine applied topically was useful for warts.15 However, these results have not yet been confirmed by double-blind clinical trials.
Several reports describe Eastern European clinical trials using semi-synthetic derivatives of greater celandine alkaloids for people with cancer.16 This injectable product goes by the name Ukrain®. The findings on this drug cannot be applied to greater celandine because the alkaloids have been modified from their original form.
How much is usually taken?
One explanation for the variable results obtained from using greater celandine is improperly prepared, dried extracts.17 Drying extracts quickly at high temperature is necessary to preserve the alkaloids.18 Extracts standardized to a content of 4 mg chelidonine per capsule are recommended to be taken three times per day.19 Alternatively, one may mix 1–3 ml tincture into water and sip slowly 10–30 minutes before eating. Topical applications should consist of either concentrated tinctures or the fresh yellow latex. Herbalists and doctors recommend applying fresh latex once per day to warts and allowing it to dry in place.20
Are there any side effects or interactions?
Use of fresh plant products may cause stomach upset.21 Topical use has been associated with intense itching and a rash in one case.22 Greater celandine should be avoided during pregnancy and in children under age 12.23 A recent report of ten women in Germany suffering from acute hepatitis following supplementation with a standardized extract of greater celandine (dosage was not given) suggest this herb should be avoided by people with hepatitis or impaired liver function. Greater celandine should be used cautiously and under the supervision of a healthcare professional until more is understood about its potential liver toxicity.24
At the time of writing, there were no well-known drug interactions with greater celandine.
Source: www.cncahealth.com

gotu kola

Botanical name
Centella asiatica
Parts used and where grown
This plant grows in a widespread distribution in tropical, swampy areas, including parts of India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Madagascar, and South Africa. It also grows in Eastern Europe. The roots and leaves are used medicinally.
Gotu kola has been used in connection with the following conditions (refer to the individual health concern for complete information):
Science Ratings - Health Concerns
** - Chronic venous insufficiency
** - Skin ulcers (topical and by intramuscular injection)
** - Wound healing
* - Burns (minor)
* - Scars
* - Scleroderma
* - Varicose veins
*** - Reliable and relatively consistent scientific data showing a substantial health benefit.
** - Contradictory, insufficient, or preliminary studies suggesting a health benefit or minimal health benefit.
* - For an herb, supported by traditional use but minimal or no scientific evidence. For a supplement, little scientific support and/or minimal health benefit.
Historical or traditional use (may or may not be supported by scientific studies)
Gotu kola has been important in the medicinal systems of central Asia for centuries. In Sri Lanka, it was purported to prolong life, as the leaves are commonly eaten by elephants. Numerous skin diseases, ranging from poorly healing wounds to leprosy, have been treated with gotu kola. Gotu kola also has a historical reputation for boosting mental activity and for helping a variety of illnesses, such as high blood pressure, rheumatism, fever, and nervous disorders. Some of its common applications in Ayurvedic medicine include heart disease, water retention, hoarseness, bronchitis, and coughs in children, and as a poultice for many skin conditions.1
Active constituents
The primary active constituents of gotu kola are saponins (also called triterpenoids), which include asiaticoside, madecassoside and madasiatic acid.2 These saponins may prevent excessive scar formation by inhibiting the production of collagen (the material that makes up connective tissue) at the wound site. These constituents are also associated with promoting wound healing. One preliminary trial in humans found that a gotu kola extract improved healing of infected wounds (unless the infection had reached bone).3 Additionally, a review of French studies suggests that topical gotu kola can improve healing of burns and wounds.4 Clinical trials have also shown it can help those with chronic venous insufficiency5 6 Another trial found gotu kola extract helpful for preventing and treating enlarged scars (keloids).7
How much is usually taken?
Dried gotu kola leaf can be made into a tea by adding 1–2 teaspoons (5–10 grams) to about 2/3 cup (150 ml) of boiling water and allowing it to steep for ten to fifteen minutes. Three cups (750 ml) are usually suggested per day. Fluid extract (1/2–1 teaspoon (3–5 ml) per day) or a tincture (2–4 teaspoons (10–20 ml) per day) are sometimes recommended. Standardized extracts containing up to 100% total saponins (triterpenoids), 60 mg once or twice per day, are frequently used in modern herbal medicine.8
Are there any side effects or interactions?
Except for the rare person who is allergic to gotu kola, no significant adverse effects are experienced with internal or topical use of this herb.9
At the time of writing, there were no well-known drug interactions with gotu kola.
Source: www.cncahealth.com

goji

Also indexed as
Goji Berry
Common names
Goji, wolfberry, Chinese boxthorn, Gou Qi Zi
Botanical names
Lycium chinense; Lycium barbarum
Parts used and where grown
Goji berries are the fruit of a shrub native to China.
Goji has been used in connection with the following conditions (refer to the individual health concern for complete information):
Science Ratings - Health Concerns
* - Macular degeneration
*** - Reliable and relatively consistent scientific data showing a substantial health benefit.
** - Contradictory, insufficient, or preliminary studies suggesting a health benefit or minimal health benefit.
* - For an herb, supported by traditional use but minimal or no scientific evidence. For a supplement, little scientific support and/or minimal health benefit.
Historical or traditional use (may or may not be supported by scientific studies)
Goji berry use has been described in traditional Chinese medicine since the first century A.D. They are often combined with other herbs as a tonic to increase longevity.1 Other uses attributed to goji berries include enhancing immune function, improving circulation and eyesight, protecting the liver, and increasing sperm production.2 3
Active constituents
Goji berries contain several nutrients as well as substances with potential biological effects.4 Polysaccharides make up a large percentage of the pulp, and when these polysaccharides were given to animals orally or directly into the stomach, they improved antioxidant status;5 6 lowered blood levels of glucose, insulin, triglycerides, and cholesterol;7 8 9 protected DNA;10 11 slowed the growth and spread of cancer cells;12 13 enhanced immune function;14 15 16 prevented fatigue during exercise;17 and improved sexual performance and fertility in partially castrated animals.18 However, very large amounts of purified goji berry polysaccharides were given to these animals, and no human research has been published investigating these effects, so whether people using goji berries or their juice in reasonable amounts would experience similar benefits is unknown.
Goji berries are also a rich source of zeaxanthin, a carotenoid that when consumed becomes concentrated in the macular pigment of the eye and may help protect the retina.19 20 Both human and monkey studies have shown that consuming goji berries or extracts high in zeaxanthin raises blood levels of zeaxanthin,21 22 23 24 but only animal research has verified that goji berry consumption increases macular pigment, and no research has looked at whether goji berries provide protection from diseases of the retina.
Other animal research has found that zeaxanthin extracts of goji berry and purified goji berry polysaccharides can each protect against liver damage.25 26
How much is usually taken?
Traditional Chinese medicine recommends boiling 5 to 15 grams of the dried berry to make a tea and drinking at least half a cup per day. Eating about 15 grams of whole goji berries is known to raise blood levels of zeaxanthin.27 No reliable information is available to establish a recommended amount of goji juice.
Are there any side effects or interactions?
There is one reported case of increased bleeding tendency in a woman taking the anticoagulant warfarin who also drank 3 to 4 glasses per day of goji berry tea.28 No other reports of bleeding problems or other adverse effects in people using goji berry products have been published.
At the time of writing, there were no well-known drug interactions with goji.
Source: www.cncahealth.com

hydroxycitric acid

Also indexed as
Garcinia cambogia, HCA
Introduction
Hydroxycitric acid (HCA) is a compound found in Garcinia cambogia, a type of fruit. HCA has a chemical structure similar to that of citric acid (the primary acid in citrus fruits).
Where is it found?
HCA is found in only a few plants, with one rich source being the rind of a little pumpkin-shaped fruit called Garcinia cambogia, which is native to Southeast Asia. This fruit (also called Malabar tamarind) is used as a condiment in dishes such as curry.
HCA has been used in connection with the following conditions (refer to it for complete information):
Science Ratings - Health Concerns
* - Weight loss
*** - Reliable and relatively consistent scientific data showing a substantial health benefit.
** - Contradictory, insufficient, or preliminary studies suggesting a health benefit or minimal health benefit.
* - For an herb, supported by traditional use but minimal or no scientific evidence. For a supplement, little scientific support and/or minimal health benefit.
Who is likely to be deficient?
Since it is not an essential nutrient, HCA is not associated with a deficiency state.
How much is usually taken?
Optimal amounts of HCA remain unknown. Although dieters sometimes take 500 mg of HCA three times per day (before each meal), this amount is far below the levels used in animal research (figured on a per-pound body weight basis). The effect of HCA is enhanced when used in conjunction with a low-fat diet, because HCA does nothing to reduce the caloric effects of dietary fat. Since HCA’s mechanism of action seems to be at least partially a blockade of conversion of simple sugars into fats,1 it is likely to work best in conjunction with a high simple sugar diet. HCA may therefore be less useful if it only offsets the negative effects of an otherwise unhealthy diet. High-fiber diets may impair absorption of HCA as noted above. HCA supplements are available in many forms, including tablets, capsules, powders, snack bars, and chewing gum.
Are there any side effects or interactions?
HCA has not been linked to any adverse effects.
At the time of writing, there were no well-known drug interactions with HCA.
Source: www.cncahealth.com

reishi

Common names
Ling chih, Ling zhi
Botanical name
Ganoderma lucidum
Parts used and where grown
Reishi mushrooms grow wild on decaying logs and tree stumps in the coastal provinces of China. The fruiting body of the mushroom is employed medicinally. Reishi grows in six different colors, but the red variety is most commonly used and commercially cultivated in North America, China, Taiwan, Japan, and Korea.1
Reishi has been used in connection with the following conditions (refer to the individual health concern for complete information):
Science Ratings - Health Concerns
** - Benign prostatic hyperplasia
* - Altitude sickness
* - Hepatitis
* - HIV support
* - Hypertension
* - Infection
* - Type 1 diabetes
* - Type 2 diabetes
*** - Reliable and relatively consistent scientific data showing a substantial health benefit.
** - Contradictory, insufficient, or preliminary studies suggesting a health benefit or minimal health benefit.
* - For an herb, supported by traditional use but minimal or no scientific evidence. For a supplement, little scientific support and/or minimal health benefit.
Historical or traditional use (may or may not be supported by scientific studies)
Reishi has been used in Traditional Chinese Medicine for at least 2,000 years.2 The Chinese name ling zhi translates as the “herb of spiritual potency” and was highly prized as an elixir of immortality.3 Its Traditional Chinese Medicine indications include treatment of general fatigue and weakness, asthma, insomnia, and cough.4
Active constituents
Reishi contains several major constituents, including sterols, coumarin, mannitol, polysaccharides, and triterpenoids called ganoderic acids. Ganoderic acids may lower blood pressure as well as decrease LDL (“bad”) cholesterol. These specific triterpenoids also help reduce blood platelets from sticking together—an important factor in lowering the risk for coronary artery disease. While human research has been reported that demonstrates some efficacy for the herb in treating altitude sickness and chronic hepatitis B, these uses still need to be confirmed in well-designed human trials.5 Animal studies and some very preliminary trials in humans suggest reishi may have some beneficial action in people with diabetes mellitus and cancer.6 Two controlled clinical trials have investigated the effects of reishi on high blood pressure in humans and both found it could lower blood pressure significantly compared to a placebo or controls.7 8 The people with hypertension in the second study had previously not responded to medications, though these were continued during the study.
How much is usually taken?
Reishi can be taken either as 1.5–9 grams per day of the crude dried mushroom, 1–1.5 grams per day in powdered form, 1 ml per day of tincture, or as a tea.9
Are there any side effects or interactions?
Side effects from reishi can include dizziness, dry mouth and throat, nosebleeds, and abdominal upset. These rare effects may develop with continuous use over three to six months.10 Pregnant or breast-feeding women should consult a physician before taking reishi.
Are there any drug interactions?
Certain medicines may interact with reishi.
Drug Interactions
Certain medicines interact with reishi: Some interactions may increase the need for reishi (+), other interactions may be negative (-) and indicate reishi should not be taken without first speaking with your physician or pharmacist, others may require further explanation (?). Refer to the individual drug article for specific details about an interaction.
Note: The following list only includes the generic or class name of a medicine. To find a specific brand name, use the Medicines index.
Heparin (-)
Warfarin (-)
Source: www.cncahealth.com

maitake

Botanical name
Grifola frondosa
Parts used and where grown
Maitake is a very large mushroom, which grows deep in the mountains of northeastern Japan, as well as in North America and Europe. Famous for its taste and health benefits, maitake is also known as the “dancing mushroom.”1 Legend holds that those who found the rare mushroom began dancing with joy. Others attribute its name to the way the fruit bodies of the mushroom overlap each other, giving the appearance of dancing butterflies.
Maitake is extremely sensitive to environmental changes, which have presented many challenges to those cultivating this mushroom. However, Japanese farmers have succeeded in producing high-quality organic maitake mushrooms, allowing for wider availability both in Japan and the U.S. The fruiting body and mycelium of maitake are used medicinally.
Maitake has been used in connection with the following conditions (refer to the individual health concern for complete information):
Science Ratings - Health Concerns
* - High cholesterol and high triglyceride levels
* - HIV support
* - Immune function
* - Infection
*** - Reliable and relatively consistent scientific data showing a substantial health benefit.
** - Contradictory, insufficient, or preliminary studies suggesting a health benefit or minimal health benefit.
* - For an herb, supported by traditional use but minimal or no scientific evidence. For a supplement, little scientific support and/or minimal health benefit.
Historical or traditional use (may or may not be supported by scientific studies)
Historically, maitake has been used as a tonic and adaptogen (a substance that invigorates or strengthens the system). Along with other “medicinal” mushrooms, such as shiitake and reishi, maitake was used as a food to help promote wellness and vitality.
Active constituents
A common denominator among some mushrooms and some herbs is the presence of complex polysaccharides in their structure. These active constituents help support immune system function and are sometimes called immunomodulators. The polysaccharides present in maitake have a unique structure and are among the most powerful studied in test tubes to date.2 The primary polysaccharide, beta-D-glucan, is well absorbed when taken orally and is being studied as a potential tool for prevention and treatment of cancer and as a adjunctive treatment for HIV infection.3 4 Animal studies suggest maitake may lower serum cholesterol and triglycerides.5 6 However, this research is still preliminary and requires human trials for confirmation.
How much is usually taken?
Maitake can be used as a food or tea and is also available as a capsule or tablet containing the entire fruiting body of the mushroom. For maitake, the fruit body is higher in polysaccharides than the mycelium, which is why it is recommended. Whole-mushroom maitake supplements, 3–7 grams per day, can be taken.7 Liquid maitake extracts with variable concentrations of polysaccharides are available, and should be taken as directed.
Are there any side effects or interactions?
Used as recommended above, there have been no reports of side effects with maitake.
At the time of writing, there were no well-known drug interactions with maitake.
Source: www.cncahealth.com

psyllium

Common names
Flea seed, Ispaghula, Spogel
Botanical names
Plantago ovata, Plantago ispaghula
Parts used and where grown
Psyllium is native to Iran and India and is currently cultivated in these countries. The seeds are primarily used in traditional herbal medicine. Psyllium seed husks are mainly used to treat constipation.
Psyllium has been used in connection with the following conditions (refer to the individual health concern for complete information):
Science Ratings - Health Concerns
*** - Constipation
*** - Diverticular disease
*** - High cholesterol
*** - Irritable bowel syndrome
*** - Type 2 diabetes
** - Atherosclerosis
** - Diarrhea
** - Hemorrhoids
** - High triglycerides
** - Ulcerative colitis (to maintain remission)
* - Parkinson’s disease (for constipation)
* - Weight loss and obesity
*** - Reliable and relatively consistent scientific data showing a substantial health benefit.
** - Contradictory, insufficient, or preliminary studies suggesting a health benefit or minimal health benefit.
* - For an herb, supported by traditional use but minimal or no scientific evidence. For a supplement, little scientific support and/or minimal health benefit.
Historical or traditional use (may or may not be supported by scientific studies)
In addition to its traditional and current use for constipation, psyllium was also used topically by herbalists to treat skin irritations, including poison ivy reactions and insect bites and stings. It has also been used in traditional herbal systems of China and India to treat diarrhea, hemorrhoids, bladder problems, and high blood pressure.
Active constituents
Psyllium is a bulk-forming laxative and is high in both fiber and mucilage. Psyllium seeds contain 10–30% mucilage. The laxative properties of psyllium are due to the swelling of the husk when it comes in contact with water. This forms a gelatinous mass that keeps feces hydrated and soft, provided it is taken with sufficient water. The resulting bulk stimulates a reflex contraction of the walls of the bowel, followed by emptying.1
Psyllium is a common ingredient in over-the-counter bulk laxative products. One preliminary trial found that psyllium seeds relieved constipation when it was due to lifestyle factors (e.g., inadequate fiber, sedentary lifestyle), but not when an actual disease was the cause.2 Numerous double-blind trials have found that supplementation with psyllium can lower total cholesterol and LDL (“bad”) cholesterol.3 However, levels of HDL (“good”) cholesterol are not affected by psyllium supplementation.4 The cholesterol-lowering effect of psyllium has been reported in children,5 as well as in adults.6 Psyllium supplementation has also improved blood sugar levels in some people with diabetes.7 8 9 The soluble fiber component of psyllium is believed to account for this effect.
In a double-blind trial, people with ulcerative colitis had a reduction in symptoms such as bleeding and remained in remission longer when they took 20 grams of ground psyllium seeds twice daily with water compared to the use of the medication mesalamine alone.10 Also, the combination of the two was slightly more effective than either alone.
How much is usually taken?
The suggested intake of psyllium husks to treat constipation is 1 teaspoon (approximately 5 grams) three times per day. Alternatively, some references suggest taking 2–6 teaspoons (10–30 grams) of the whole seeds per day—typically taken in three even amounts throughout the day.11 This is stirred into a large glass of water or juice and drunk immediately before it thickens.12 It is best to follow label instructions on over-the-counter psyllium products for constipation. It is important to maintain a high water intake when using psyllium.
Are there any side effects or interactions?
Using psyllium in recommended amounts is generally safe. People with chronic constipation should seek the advice of a healthcare professional. Some people with irritable bowel syndrome feel worse when taking psyllium and may do better with soluble fiber, such as in fruit. People with an obstruction of the bowel or people with diabetes who have difficulty regulating their blood sugar should not use psyllium.13 Side effects, such as allergic skin and respiratory reactions to psyllium dust, have largely been limited to people working in factories manufacturing psyllium products.
Are there any drug interactions?
Certain medicines interact with psyllium: Some interactions may increase the need for psyllium (+), other interactions may be negative (-) and indicate psyllium should not be taken without first speaking with your physician or pharmacist, others may require further explanation (?). Refer to the individual drug article for specific details about an interaction.
Note: The following list only includes the generic or class name of a medicine. To find a specific brand name, use the Medicines index.
HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors (Statins) (+)
Lithium (-)
Mesalamine (+)
Orlistat (+)
Simvastatin (+)
Source: www.cncahealth.com

eyebright

Common name
Red eyebright
Botanical name
Euphrasia officinalis
Parts used and where grown
In the wild, European eyebright grows in meadows, pastures, and grassy places in Bulgaria, Hungary, and the former Yugoslavia. Eyebright is also grown commercially in Europe. The plant flowers in late summer and autumn. The whole herb is used in herbal medicine.
Eyebright has been used in connection with the following conditions (refer to the individual health concern for complete information):
Science Ratings - Health Concerns
* - Conjunctivitis/blepharitis
* - Irritated eyes
*** - Reliable and relatively consistent scientific data showing a substantial health benefit.
** - Contradictory, insufficient, or preliminary studies suggesting a health benefit or minimal health benefit.
* - For an herb, supported by traditional use but minimal or no scientific evidence. For a supplement, little scientific support and/or minimal health benefit.
Historical or traditional use (may or may not be supported by scientific studies)
Eyebright was and continues to be used by herbalists primarily as a poultice for the topical treatment of eye inflammations, including conjunctivitis/blepharitis and sties. Traditionally, a compress made from a decoction of eyebright is used to give relief from redness, swelling, and visual disturbances due to eye infections.1 A tea is sometimes given internally along with the topical treatment. It has also been used for the treatment of eye fatigue and other disturbances of vision. In addition, herbalists have recommended eyebright for problems of the respiratory tract, including sinus infections, coughs, and sore throat.2 None of the traditional uses of eyebright have been studied in clinical research.
Active constituents
While there are many chemicals that may be active in eyebright, none of them has been proven to have any effect on eye inflammation or irritation. Some herbal texts suggest that the astringent actions of eyebright may reduce eye irritation while others suggest that eyebright may also have antibacterial actions topically. To date, there are no clinical studies to support or refute these proposed actions.
How much is usually taken?
Traditional herbal texts recommend a compress made with 1 tablespoon (15 grams) of the dried herb combined with 2 cups (500 ml) of water and boiled for ten minutes.3 The undiluted liquid is used as a compress after cooling. The German Commission E monograph does not support this application, due to possible impurities in non-pharmaceutical preparations.4 Consult with a physician knowledgeable in the use of herbs before applying eyebright to the eyes.
Internally, two to three cups per day of eyebright tea is sometimes recommended. Dried herb, 1/2–3/4 teaspoon (2–4 grams) three times per day, may also be taken. The tincture is typically taken in 1/2–1 1/4 teaspoons (2–6 ml) three times per day.
Are there any side effects or interactions?
Due to limited information on the active constituents in eyebright and the need for sterility in substances used topically in the eyes, the traditional use of eyebright as a topical compress currently cannot be recommended without professional support. Used internally at the amounts listed above, eyebright is generally safe. However, its safety during pregnancy and breast-feeding has not been proven.
At the time of writing, there were no well-known drug interactions with eyebright.
Source: www.cncahealth.com

vervain

Common name
European vervain
Botanical name
Verbena officinalis
Parts used and where grown
The most commonly used species is European vervain (Verbena officinalis), though blue vervain (V. hastata) and V. macdougalii, among others, are probably interchangeable. V. officinalis is native to Europe, Asia, and Africa and has spread to North America. Other medicinal species are native to North America. The leaf and flower are used in herbal medicine.
Vervain has been used in connection with the following conditions (refer to the individual health concern for complete information):
Science Ratings - Health Concerns
** - Colic (in combination with chamomile, licorice, fennel, and lemon balm)
* - Depression
* - Dysmenorrhea (painful menstruation)
* - Indigestion
* - Sinusitis (in combination with gentian root, primrose flowers, sorrel herb, and elder flowers)
*** - Reliable and relatively consistent scientific data showing a substantial health benefit.
** - Contradictory, insufficient, or preliminary studies suggesting a health benefit or minimal health benefit.
* - For an herb, supported by traditional use but minimal or no scientific evidence. For a supplement, little scientific support and/or minimal health benefit.
Historical or traditional use (may or may not be supported by scientific studies)
Due to its bitter taste, herbalists used vervain to improve digestion. Vervain was also used to treat people with depression and spastic pains in the gastrointestinal tract, as a mild diaphoretic (to induce sweating and promote mild fevers), and for all manner of female reproductive system problems when associated with melancholy or anxiety.1 Early 20th century Eclectic physicians (doctors who recommended herbal medicines) in the United States felt vervain might be helpful for mild digestive problems.2 Vervain also has a reputation as a traditional remedy for stimulating production of breast milk.3
Active constituents
The active constituents of vervain have not been thoroughly demonstrated. Glycosides, such as verbenalin and aucubin, and a volatile oil may all contribute to its activity.4 No human studies have documented the use of this herb for any condition.
How much is usually taken?
A tea of vervain leaves and flowers is prepared by adding 1–2 teaspoons (2–4 grams) to a pint (500 ml) of hot water which is left to steep, covered, for 10–15 minutes.5 Three cups (750 ml) per day are typically recommended by doctors. The taste of the tea is fairly disagreeable, therefore, most people prefer a tincture. Tincture, 1–2 teaspoons (5–10 ml) three times per day, is also suggested.6
Are there any side effects or interactions?
No adverse effects of vervain have been reported. Vervain should be avoided during pregnancy.7 Although, traditionally, its use was during the last two weeks of pregnancy to facilitate labor. Vervain should be used during pregnancy only under the guidance of a healthcare professional experienced in herbal medicine.
At the time of writing, there were no well-known drug interactions with vervain.
Source: http://www.cncahealth.com/

mistletoe

Common name
European mistletoe
Botanical name
Viscum album
Parts used and where grown
Mistletoe grows as a partial parasite on a variety of trees—particularly pine, apple, plum, poplar, and spruce—across northern Europe and Asia. The young leafy twigs with flowers are used. Mistletoe’s white berries are potentially toxic and should be avoided. American mistletoe, various species of Phoradendron, are similar but have not been widely studied. They should not be substituted for European mistletoe until more information is available.
Mistletoe has been used in connection with the following conditions (refer to the individual health concern for complete information):
Science Ratings - Health Concerns
* - Breast cancer
* - High blood pressure
* - HIV support
* - Type 1 diabetes
* - Type 2 diabetes
*** - Reliable and relatively consistent scientific data showing a substantial health benefit.
** - Contradictory, insufficient, or preliminary studies suggesting a health benefit or minimal health benefit.
* - For an herb, supported by traditional use but minimal or no scientific evidence. For a supplement, little scientific support and/or minimal health benefit.
Historical or traditional use (may or may not be supported by scientific studies)
The ancient Druids of northern Europe and other pagan groups revered mistletoe, particularly when it infected oak trees (a rare occurrence). Over time, this reverence of mistletoe was translated into the Christian ritual of hanging mistletoe over doorways at Christmas. The custom of kissing under the mistletoe may be a remnant of pagan orgies held before mistletoe altars.1
The name mistletoe is said to derive from the Celtic word for “all-heal.” This correlates with its historical use for everything from nervous complaints to bleeding to tumors.2 It is difficult to categorize all of the uses of mistletoe, particularly when one looks at the vast number of uses for this herb in traditional Chinese and Korean medicine. In the early 20th century, Rudolf Steiner created what is known as anthroposophical medicine. This mystical system used a variety of unusual remedies, including special extracts of mistletoe for injection. Steiner helped bring mistletoe into the modern era of scientific research, particularly as a potential treatment for cancer.3
Active constituents
Several constituents have been shown to contribute to the medicinal action of mistletoe. Most notable are mistletoe lectins (also called viscotoxins), choline derivatives, alkaloids, polypeptides, and polysaccharides. Human pharmacological studies have found that mistletoe extract given by injection stimulates immune system function.4 5 6 Some test tube and animal studies suggest that certain mistletoe constituents, including the alkaloids, can also kill cancer cells.7 8 Numerous clinical trials have found that subcutaneous injections of mistletoe extracts can help people with cancer of various organs, though some have also failed to show any benefit.9 10 There is no evidence that people with cancer would benefit from receiving mistletoe orally.
Mistletoe’s other uses have been less rigorously studied. Preliminary trials carried out using oral mistletoe have found it can reduce the symptoms of high blood pressure, particularly headaches and dizziness.11 12 However, mistletoe has a small (if any) effect on actually lowering blood pressure.13
Test tube and animal studies suggest that mistletoe extracts can stimulate insulin secretion from pancreas cells and may improve blood sugar levels in people with diabetes.14 15 Given both mistletoe’s tradition around the world for helping people with diabetes and these promising preclinical results, human clinical trials are needed to establish mistletoe’s potential for this condition.
How much is usually taken?
Traditionally a cold water extract (cold infusion) is made by soaking 2–4 teaspoons (10–20 grams) of chopped mistletoe in two cups (500 ml) of water overnight.16 This is taken first thing in the morning and can be sweetened with honey. Another batch is left to steep during the day and drunk at bedtime. Alternately a hot tea can be made by infusing 1 teaspoon (5 grams) of leaves in a cup (250 ml) of just-boiled water for 5–10 minutes. Two cups (500 ml) are consumed per day.17 A tincture, approximately 1/8 teaspoon (1/2 ml) three times per day, can also be used.
At least three standardized, injectable extracts have been studied in Europe: Iscador, Helixor, and Eurixor. These products are not designed for self-treatment and are not commercially available in the United States. Iscador is the only fermented extract of the three, and each is standardized in a different way, making comparisons between the extracts difficult. In addition, there are different forms of each extract taken from mistletoe growing on different host trees. Typically, one weekly injection providing 1 mg of mistletoe lectin I per kilogram of body weight is given. People interested in subcutaneous or other injectable forms of mistletoe should consult with a physician.
Are there any side effects or interactions?
In the oral amounts mentioned above, mistletoe is rarely associated with side effects.18 Two reports, however, have confirmed the danger of ingesting mistletoe leaves and berries in large quantities, particularly when children accidentally eat the berries at Christmas.19 20 Many of these exposures involved American mistletoe and not European mistletoe. European mistletoe is less toxic than the American species. If six to twenty berries or four to five leaves are eaten, then activated charcoal or ipecac can be used at home to induce vomiting. Emergency room care is only indicated if more than 20 berries or five leaves are ingested or if symptoms develop at lower levels of exposure. Possible symptoms of overdose are nausea, vomiting, low blood pressure, or dizziness.
Injectable forms of mistletoe may cause local redness and pain but otherwise have rarely been associated with serious side effects. There is one case report of a severe allergic reaction to an injected mistletoe preparation.21 Mistletoe is not recommended for use in children, or for women during pregnancy or breast-feeding.
At the time of writing, there were no well-known drug interactions with mistletoe.
Source: www.cncahealth.com

eucalyptus

Botanical name
Eucalyptus globulus
Parts used and where grown
Eucalyptus is an evergreen tree native to Australia but is cultivated worldwide. The plant’s leaves—and the oil that is steam-distilled from them—are used medicinally.1
Eucalyptus has been used in connection with the following conditions (refer to the individual health concern for complete information):
Science Ratings - Health Concerns
** - Insect repellant (topical)
* - Athletic performance (topical)
* - Bronchitis
* - Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
* - Common cold
* - Cough
* - Genital herpes (topical)
* - Infection
* - Low back pain
* - Rheumatism (topical use)
* - Rheumatoid arthritis (oil, topical)
* - Sinus congestion
* - Sinusitis
*** - Reliable and relatively consistent scientific data showing a substantial health benefit.
** - Contradictory, insufficient, or preliminary studies suggesting a health benefit or minimal health benefit.
* - For an herb, supported by traditional use but minimal or no scientific evidence. For a supplement, little scientific support and/or minimal health benefit.
Historical or traditional use (may or may not be supported by scientific studies)
Eucalyptus was first used by Australian aborigines, who not only chewed the roots for water in the dry outback but used the leaves as a remedy for fevers. In the 1800s, crew members of an Australian freighter developed high fevers, but were able to successfully cure their condition using eucalyptus tea. Thus, eucalyptus became well known throughout Europe and the Mediterranean as the Australian fever tree. Early 19th century Eclectic physicians in the United States not only used eucalyptus oil to sterilize instruments and wounds, but recommended a steam inhalation of the vapor of its oil to help treat asthma, bronchitis, whooping cough, and emphysema.2
Active constituents
The major constituent in eucalyptus leaves is a volatile oil known as eucalyptol (1,8-cineol). In order to provide an effective expectorant and antiseptic action, the leaf oil should contain approximately 70–85% eucalyptol.3 Eucalyptus oil is said to function in a fashion similar to that of menthol by acting on receptors in the nasal mucosa, leading to a reduction in symptoms such as nasal congestion.4 In test tube studies, eucalyptus species have been shown to possess antibacterial actions against such organisms as Bacillus subtilis,5 as well as several strains of Streptococcus.6 These actions have not been researched in human clinical trials.
Peppermint (10 grams) and eucalyptus oil (5 grams) in combination, applied topically to the forehead and temples for three minutes with a small sponge, have been shown to be helpful as a muscle relaxant (but not for pain relief) in people with tension headaches.7 A eucalyptus oil extract containing 50% p-methane-3,8-diol (PMD) as the active ingredient has been shown to be effective in protecting human volunteers from various types of biting insects.8 On human forearms, it was determined that the eucalyptus extract was nearly as effective as a 20% solution of diethyltoluamine (used in many insect repellents) in repelling bites of the Anopheles mosquito (the insect that spreads malaria) for up to five hours. The eucalyptus extract was also effective at repelling flies (94%) and midges (100%) for up to six hours.
A preliminary study suggests the combination of eucalyptus and menthol as a nasal inhalant is helpful in cases of mild to moderate snoring.9 Also, in a double-blind trial, a eucalyptus-based rub was found helpful for warming muscles in athletes.10 This further suggests eucalyptus may help relieve minor muscle soreness when applied topically, though studies are needed to confirm this possibility.
How much is usually taken?
Eucalyptus oil (0.05–0.2 ml per day) can be taken internally by adults.11 It should always be diluted in warm water before consuming. For local applications, 30 ml of the oil can be mixed in 500 ml of lukewarm water and applied topically as an insect repellent or used over the temporal areas of the forehead for tension headaches. As an inhalant, add a few drops of eucalyptus oil to hot water or a vaporizer. Deeply inhale the steam vapor. For eucalyptus leaf preparations, an infusion of 2–3 grams of the chopped leaves may be boiled in 150 ml of water and taken two times per day. Eucalyptus oil needs to be used very cautiously since as little as 3.5 ml of the oil taken internally has proven fatal.12 It is best for people to discuss internal use with a qualified healthcare professional.
Warning: Eucalyptus oil needs to be used very cautiously since as little as 3.5 ml of the oil taken internally has proven fatal. It is best for individuals to discuss internal use with a qualified healthcare professional.
Are there any side effects or interactions?
Side effects from the internal use of eucalyptus can include nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Eucalyptus oil should not be used by infants and children under the age of two, especially near the face and nose, due to the risk of airway spasm and possible cessation of breathing.13 The oil may aggravate bronchial spasms in people with asthma and should not be taken internally by those with severe liver diseases and inflammatory disorders of the gastrointestinal tract and kidney.14 15 Whole-body application of eucalyptus oil (double-distilled, containing 80–85% cineole oil) resulted in severe nervous system toxicity in a six year old girl.16 Parents are advised to use topical eucalyptus oil in moderation with children.
Although there are no known reports of drug interactions, the German Commission E monograph suggests that because eucalyptus oil may activate certain enzyme systems in the liver, it may potentially weaken or shorten the action of some medications, including pentobarbital, aminopyrine, and amphetamine.17 18 Eucalyptus should not be used in large amounts by people with low blood pressure as it may cause a further drop in blood pressure.19 The safety of eucalyptus oil has not been established in pregnant or nursing women.
At the time of writing, there were no well-known drug interactions with eucalyptus.
Source: www.cncahealth.com

elecampane

Common name
Inula
Botanical name
Inula helenium
Parts used and where grown
Elecampane is indigenous to Europe and Asia and is now grown in the United States. The dried roots and rhizomes (branching part of the root) are collected in fall or early winter and used in herbal preparations.
Elecampane has been used in connection with the following conditions (refer to the individual health concern for complete information):
Science Ratings - Health Concerns
* - Asthma
* - Bronchitis
* - Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
* - Cough
* - Indigestion
*** - Reliable and relatively consistent scientific data showing a substantial health benefit.
** - Contradictory, insufficient, or preliminary studies suggesting a health benefit or minimal health benefit.
* - For an herb, supported by traditional use but minimal or no scientific evidence. For a supplement, little scientific support and/or minimal health benefit.
Historical or traditional use (may or may not be supported by scientific studies)
Traditionally, herbalists have used elecampane to treat coughs, particularly those associated with bronchitis, asthma, and whooping cough.1 The herb has also been used historically to treat poor digestion and general complaints of the intestinal tract.
Active constituents
Elecampane root and rhizome contain approximately 1–4% volatile oils.2 Most of these volatile oils are composed of sesquiterpene lactones, including alantolactone. Elecampane is also very high in inulin (44%)3 and mucilage. Most herbal texts attribute the actions of elecampane to alantolactone.4 The antitussive (cough prevention and treatment) and carminative (soothing effect on the intestinal tract) effects of elecampane, however, may possibly be due to the inulin and mucilage content. Isolated alantolactone has been used to treat parasites (e.g., roundworm, threadworm, hookworm, whipworm). This use is only by prescription and is not approved in all European countries.5
How much is usually taken?
The German Commission E Monograph states the historical application of elecampane has not been adequately proven to recommend its use.6 This is partially based on the potential side effects listed below. For traditional use, elecampane is typically recommended as a tea. Boiling water is poured over 1/4 teaspoon (1 gram) of the ground root and rhizome, left to steep for ten to fifteen minutes, then strained. One cup of this preparation is taken three to four times daily. Some texts recommend 1/2 to 1 teaspoon (3–5 ml) of a tincture three times daily.7
Are there any side effects or interactions?
The inulin in elecampane root is widely distributed in fruits, vegetables and plants. It is classified as a food ingredient (not as an additive) and is considered safe to eat.8 In fact, inulin is a significant part of the daily diet of most of the world’s population.9 However, there is a report of a 39-year-old man having a life-threatening allergic reaction after consuming high amounts of inulin from multiple sources.10 Allergy to inulin in this individual was confirmed by laboratory tests. Such sensitivities are extremely rare. Moreover, this man did not take elecampane. Nevertheless, people with a confirmed sensitivity to inulin should avoid elecampane.
Alantolactone can be an irritant to the intestinal tract and, along with other sesquiterpene lactones in elecampane, may cause localized irritation in the mouth. Amounts several times higher than those stated above may cause vomiting, diarrhea, spasms, and signs of paralysis.11 If these symptoms occur, people should contact their local poison control center. Pregnant or nursing women should not use elecampane.
At the time of writing, there were no well-known drug interactions with elecampane.
Source: www.cncahealth.com