malic acid


Introduction
Malic acid is a naturally occurring compound that plays a role in the complex process of deriving adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the energy currency that runs the body) from food.Where is it found?Malic acid is found in a wide variety of fruits and vegetables, but the richest source is apples, which is why malic acid is sometimes referred to as “apple acid.”Malic acid has been used in connection with the following conditions (refer to the individual health concern for complete information):
Science Ratings - Health Concerns* - Fibromyalgia
*** - Reliable and relatively consistent scientific data showing a substantial health benefit.
** - Contradictory, insufficient, or preliminary studies suggesting a health benefit or minimal health benefit.
* - For an herb, supported by traditional use but minimal or no scientific evidence. For a supplement, little scientific support and/or minimal health benefit.Who is likely to be deficient?
A deficiency in humans is unlikely, since the body can produce malic acid.
How much is usually taken?Healthy people do not need to take malic acid as a supplement. Research has been conducted with 1,200–2,400 mg of malic acid in combination with 300–600 mg of elemental magnesium.
Are there any side effects or interactions?
Current research does not indicate any adverse effects from the use of malic acid in moderate amounts.
At the time of writing, there were no well-known drug interactions with malic acid.

beta-sitosterol


See also
Beta-sitosterol is one of a group of organic compounds found in plants that, alone and in combination with similar plant sterols, reduces blood levels of cholesterol.1 2 3Where is it found?Beta-sitosterol is one of several plant sterols (cholesterol is the main animal sterol) found in almost all plants. High levels are found in rice bran, wheat germ, corn oil, and soybeans. Peanuts and its products, such as peanut oil, peanut butter, and peanut flour, are good sources of plant sterols, particularly beta-sitosterol.4Beta-sitosterol has been used in connection with the following conditions (refer to the individual health concern for complete information):
Science Ratings - Health Concerns*** - Benign prostatic hyperplasia
** - High cholesterol
* - Athletic performance (in combination with beta-sitosterol glucoside for reducing the risk of post-exercise infection)
*** - Reliable and relatively consistent scientific data showing a substantial health benefit.
** - Contradictory, insufficient, or preliminary studies suggesting a health benefit or minimal health benefit.
* - For an herb, supported by traditional use but minimal or no scientific evidence. For a supplement, little scientific support and/or minimal health benefit.
Who is likely to be deficient?Because beta-sitosterol is not an essential nutrient, deficiencies do not occur.
How much is usually taken?
Between 500 mg and 10 grams of beta-sitosterol per day have been used in clinical research to reduce elevated blood cholesterol levels. Between 60 (20 mg three times per day) and 130 mg per day have been used in trials reporting a reduction in prostatic hyperplasia-related symptoms.5 6
Are there any side effects or interactions?Ingesting plant sterols interferes with beta-carotene and vitamin E absorption, resulting in lower blood levels of these nutrients.7
At the time of writing, there were no well-known drug interactions with beta-sitosterol.

noni

Common name
Indian mulberry
Botanical name
Morinda citrifoliaParts used and where grown
Native to Polynesia, the noni plant (also known as Indian mulberry) is a small tree that usually grows to a height of ten feet. The fruit, which starts out green and turns yellow, is used medicinally.Noni has been used in connection with the following conditions (refer to the individual health concern for complete information):
Science Ratings - Health Concerns* - Immune enhancement
*** - Reliable and relatively consistent scientific data showing a substantial health benefit.
** - Contradictory, insufficient, or preliminary studies suggesting a health benefit or minimal health benefit.
* - For an herb, supported by traditional use but minimal or no scientific evidence. For a supplement, little scientific support and/or minimal health benefit.
Historical or traditional use (may or may not be supported by scientific studies)
Traditional Polynesian healers have used the fruit of the noni plant for just about everything—from a tonic drink to mending broken bones—but it is said that because of its strong, unpleasant odor and bitter taste, a person won’t take it until they are too sick and desperate. The bark yields a red dye while the root yields a yellow one. Both colors were used in the ceremonial outfits of Hawaiian chiefs. In the early 1990s, noni juice became heavily marketed in the United States primarily through network marketing companies. However, despite tremendous claims and testimonials, there is little scientific documentation on noni.
Active constituents
The major constituents in noni appear to be polysaccharides and a compound known as damnacanthal.1 2 3 The developer of a commercial noni product claims the alkaloid xeronine is an important constituent, but there has been no confirmation by independent researchers. Animal and test tubes studies show noni to have immune-enhancing activity, and an earlier animal study seemed to indicate the fruit exerts a mild sedative effect.4 5 6 Specifically, the polysaccharide component has been shown to increase the release of immune-enhancing compounds that activate white blood cells. Also, damnacanthal is thought to be responsible for producing sedative effects in animal studies.
How much is usually taken?The usual recommendation is 4 ounces (120 ml) of noni juice 30 minutes before breakfast (effectiveness is thought to be best on an empty stomach). Commercial products are now available that have either eliminated the odor, altered the taste, or made it available as an extract in tablets or capsules to increase palatability. For liquid concentrates the typical recommendation is 2 tablespoons (30 ml) per day. For powdered extracts the typical recommendation is 500 to 1,000 mg daily.
Are there any side effects or interactions?
There have been no commonly reported side effects following the ingestion of noni. Since the use of noni during pregnancy and breast-feeding has not been adequately studied, it is recommended that it not be used during these times.
At the time of writing, there were no well-known drug interactions with noni.

potassium


Introduction
Potassium is an essential mineral needed to regulate water balance, levels of acidity, blood pressure, and neuromuscular function. This mineral also plays a critical role in the transmission of electrical impulses in the heart.Where is it found?Most fruits are excellent sources of potassium. Beans, milk, and vegetables contain significant amounts of potassium.Potassium has been used in connection with the following conditions (refer to the individual health concern for complete information):
Science Ratings - Health Concerns*** - High blood pressure (for people not taking potassium-sparing diuretics)*** - Kidney stones (citrate in combination with magnesium citrate)** - Cardiac arrhythmia
** - Congestive heart failure
** - Premenstrual syndrome
** - Stroke
*** - Reliable and relatively consistent scientific data showing a substantial health benefit.
** - Contradictory, insufficient, or preliminary studies suggesting a health benefit or minimal health benefit.
* - For an herb, supported by traditional use but minimal or no scientific evidence. For a supplement, little scientific support and/or minimal health benefit.
Who is likely to be deficient?
So-called primitive diets provided much greater levels of potassium than modern diets, which may provide too little. Gross deficiencies, however, are rare except in cases of prolonged vomiting, diarrhea, or use of “potassium-depleting”diuretic drugs. People taking one of these drugs are often advised by their doctor to take supplemental potassium. Prescription amounts of potassium provide more than the amounts sold over the counter but not more than the amount found in several pieces of fruit.
How much is usually taken?
The best way to obtain extra potassium is to eat several pieces of fruit per day, as well as liberal amounts of vegetables. The amount of potassium found in the diet ranges from about 2.5 grams to about 5.8 grams per day. The amount allowed in supplements—99 mg per tablet or capsule—is very low, considering that one banana can contain 500 mg. One should not attempt to achieve higher potassium levels by taking large numbers of potassium pills. This concentrated form of potassium can irritate the stomach—a problem not encountered with the potassium in food.
Are there any side effects or interactions?
High potassium intake (several hundred milligrams at one time in tablet form) can produce stomach irritation. People using potassium-sparing drugs should avoid using potassium chloride-containing products, such as Morton Salt Substitute®, No Salt®, Lite Salt®, and others and should not take potassium supplements, except under the supervision of a doctor. Even eating several pieces of fruit each day can sometimes cause problems for people taking potassium-sparing drugs, due to the high potassium content of fruit.
Potassium and sodium work together in the body to maintain muscle tone, blood pressure, water balance, and other functions. Many researchers believe that part of the blood pressure problem caused by too much salt (which contains sodium) is made worse by too little dietary potassium.
People with kidney failure should not take potassium supplements, except under careful medical supervision.

Drug Interactions
Certain medicines interact with potassium: Some interactions may increase the need for potassium (+), other interactions may be negative (-) and indicate potassium should not be taken without first speaking with your physician or pharmacist, others may require further explanation (?). Refer to the individual drug article for specific details about an interaction.
Note: The following list only includes the generic or class name of a medicine. To find a specific brand name, use the Medicines index.Acebutolol (-)Albuterol (+)Amiloride (?)Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (-)Atenolol (-)Benazepril (-)Beta-Adrenergic Blockers (-)Betaxolol (-)Bisacodyl (+)Bisoprolol (-)Captopril (-)Celecoxib (+)Cisplatin (+)Colchicine (+)Digoxin (+) (?)Docusate (+)Enalapril (-)Epinephrine (?)Etodolac (?)Felodipine (+)Gentamicin (+)Haloperidol (?)Heparin (?)Ibuprofen (?)Indapamide (+)Indomethacin (-)Ipecac (+)Ketorolac (-)Labetalol (-)Lisinopril (-)Loop Diuretics (+)Losartan (?)Lotrel (-)Magnesium Hydroxide (?)Metoprolol (+) (-)Mineral Oil (+)Moexipril (+) (-)Nabumetone (?)Nadolol (-)Naproxen/Naproxen Sodium (?)Neomycin (+)Oral Corticosteroids (+)Oxaprozin (?)Piroxicam (-)Propranolol (-)Quinapril (-)Quinidine (+)Ramipril (-)Salsalate (+)Senna (?)Sotalol (-)Spironolactone (?)Sulfamethoxazole (-)Sulindac (+)Tetracycline (+)Theophylline/Aminophylline (+)Thiazide Diuretics (+)Thioridazine (+)Tobramycin (+)Triamterene (?)Trimethoprim (-)Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole (-)

eleuthero

See also
Eleuthero for Sports & Fitness
Common names
Siberian ginseng, Ci wu jia, Touch-me-not, Devil’s shrub
Botanical names
Eleutherococcus senticosus, Acanthopanax senticosusParts used and where grown
Eleuthero belongs to the Araliaceae family and is a distant relative of Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng). Also known commonly as touch-me-not and devil’s shrub, eleuthero has been most frequently nicknamed Siberian ginseng in this country. Eleuthero is native to the Taiga region of the Far East (southeastern part of Russia, northern China, Korea, and Japan). The root and the rhizomes (underground stem) are used medicinally.
Eleuthero has been used in connection with the following conditions (refer to the individual health concern for complete information):
Science Ratings - Health Concerns** - Athletic performance
** - Fatigue** - Immune function
** - Stress
* - Breast cancer
* - Chronic fatigue syndrome
* - Common cold/sore throat
* - Diabetes
* - HIV support
* - Infection
* - Influenza
*** - Reliable and relatively consistent scientific data showing a substantial health benefit.
** - Contradictory, insufficient, or preliminary studies suggesting a health benefit or minimal health benefit.
* - For an herb, supported by traditional use but minimal or no scientific evidence. For a supplement, little scientific support and/or minimal health benefit.
Historical or traditional use (may or may not be supported by scientific studies)
Although not as popular as Asian ginseng, eleuthero use dates back 2,000 years, according to Chinese medicine records. Referred to as ci wu jia in Chinese medicine, it was used to prevent respiratory tract infections, colds and flu. It was also believed to provide energy and vitality. In Russia, eleuthero was originally used by people in the Siberian Taiga region to increase performance and quality of life and to decrease infections.
In more modern times, eleuthero has been used to increase stamina and endurance in Soviet Olympic athletes. Russian explorers, divers, sailors, and miners also used eleuthero to prevent stress-related illness. After the Chernobyl accident, many Russian and Ukrainian citizens were given eleuthero to counteract the effects of radiation.
Active constituents
The constituents in eleuthero that have been most studied are the eleutherosides.1 Seven primary eleutherosides have been identified, with most of the research attention focusing on eleutherosides B and E.2 Eleuthero also contains complex polysaccharides (complex sugar molecules).3 These constituents may play a critical role in eleuthero’s ability to support immune function.
Eleuthero is an “adaptogen” (an agent that helps the body adapt to stress). It is thought to help support adrenal gland function when the body is challenged by stress.4
Eleuthero has been shown to enhance mental acuity and physical endurance without the letdown that comes with caffeinated products.5 Research has shown that eleuthero improves the use of oxygen by the exercising muscle.6 This means that a person is able to maintain aerobic exercise longer and recover from workouts more quickly. Preliminary research from Russia indicates it may be effective for this purpose.7 Other trials have been inconclusive8 or have shown no beneficial effect.9
Eleuthero may also support the body by helping the liver detoxify harmful toxins. It has shown a protective action in animal studies against chemicals such as ethanol, sodium barbital, tetanus toxoid, and chemotherapeutic agents.10 According to a test tube study eleuthero also helps protect the body during radiation exposure.11 Preliminary research in Russia has suggested that eleuthero may help alleviate side effects and help the bone marrow recover more quickly in people undergoing chemotherapy and radiation therapy for cancer.12
Eleuthero may be useful as a preventive measure during the cold and flu season. However, it has not yet been specifically studied for this purpose. Preliminary evidence also suggests that eleuthero may prove valuable in the long-term management of various diseases of the immune system, including HIV infection and chronic fatigue syndrome. Healthy people taking 2 teaspoons (10 ml) of tincture three times daily have been shown to have increased numbers of the immune cells (T4 lymphocytes) that have been found to decrease during HIV-infection and AIDS.13 Further human clinical trials are needed to confirm that eleuthero may be helpful for this disease.
How much is usually taken?
Dried, powdered root and rhizomes, 2–3 grams per day, are commonly used.14 Alternatively, 300–400 mg per day of concentrated solid extract standardized on eleutherosides B and E can be used, as can alcohol-based extracts, 8–10 ml in two to three divided dosages. Historically, eleuthero is taken continuously for six to eight weeks, followed by a one- to two-week break before resuming.
Are there any side effects or interactions?
Reported side effects have been minimal with use of eleuthero.15 Mild, transient diarrhea has been reported in a very small number of users. Eleuthero may cause insomnia in some people if taken too close to bedtime. Eleuthero is not recommended for people with uncontrolled high blood pressure. There are no known reasons to avoid eleuthero during pregnancy and breast-feeding. However, pregnant or breast-feeding women should be aware that some products may be adulterated with herbs that should not be taken in pregnancy, such as Asian ginseng. Only eleuthero from a trusted source should be used.
In one case report, a person taking eleuthero with digoxin developed dangerously high serum digoxin levels.16 Although a clear relationship could not be established, it is wise for someone taking digoxin to seek the advise of a doctor before taking eleuthero.
Drug Interactions
Certain medicines interact with eleuthero: Some interactions may increase the need for eleuthero (+), other interactions may be negative (-) and indicate eleuthero should not be taken without first speaking with your physician or pharmacist, others may require further explanation (?). Refer to the individual drug article for specific details about an interaction.
Note: The following list only includes the generic or class name of a medicine. To find a specific brand name, use the Medicines index.Chemotherapy (+)Cisplatin (+)Cyclophosphamide (+)Digoxin (-)Docetaxel (+)Fluorouracil (+)Influenza Virus Vaccine (+)Methotrexate (+)Paclitaxel (+)Ticlopidine (?)Warfarin (?)
Source: www.cncahealth.com

red raspberry

See also
Raspberry as a food
Botanical name
Rubus idaeusParts used and where grown
Raspberry bushes are native to North America and are cultivated in Canada. Although most well known for its delicious berries, raspberry’s leaves are used in medicine.Red raspberry has been used in connection with the following conditions (refer to the individual health concern for complete information):
Science Ratings - Health Concerns* - Common cold/sore throat
* - Diarrhea
* - Pregnancy and postpartum support
*** - Reliable and relatively consistent scientific data showing a substantial health benefit.
** - Contradictory, insufficient, or preliminary studies suggesting a health benefit or minimal health benefit.
* - For an herb, supported by traditional use but minimal or no scientific evidence. For a supplement, little scientific support and/or minimal health benefit.
Historical or traditional use (may or may not be supported by scientific studies)
Raspberry leaves have been used by herbalists to treat diarrhea. In traditional herbalism and midwifery, red raspberry has been connected to female health, including pregnancy. It was considered a remedy for excessive menstrual flow (menorrhagia) and as a “partus prepartor,” or an agent used during pregnancy to help prevent complications.1
Active constituents
Raspberry leaves are high in tannins and like its relative, blackberry, may relieve acute diarrhea.2 The constituents that affect the smooth muscles, such as in the uterus, have not yet been clearly identified. The German Commission E monograph has concluded there is insufficient proof to recommend red raspberry in modern herbal medicine.3
How much is usually taken?
Traditionally, raspberry leaf tea is prepared by pouring 1 cup (250 ml) boiling water over 1–2 teaspoons (5–10 grams) of the herb and steeping for ten to fifteen minutes. Up to 6 cups (1500 ml) per day may be necessary for acute problems such as diarrhea or sore throats due to a cold, while less (two to three cups [500–750 ml]) is used for preventive use during pregnancy. By itself, raspberry is usually not a sufficient treatment for diarrhea. Tincture, 3/4–1 teaspoon (4–8 ml) three times per day, may also be taken.
Are there any side effects or interactions?
Raspberry leaf may cause mild loosening of stools and nausea. Otherwise, use of the herb appears to be safe.
Drug InteractionsCertain medicines interact with red raspberry: Some interactions may increase the need for red raspberry (+), other interactions may be negative (-) and indicate red raspberry should not be taken without first speaking with your physician or pharmacist, others may require further explanation (?). Refer to the individual drug article for specific details about an interaction.
Note: The following list only includes the generic or class name of a medicine. To find a specific brand name, use the Medicines index.Acetaminophen with Codeine (-)Atropine (-)Cardec DM (-)Codeine (-)Ephedrine and Pseudoephedrine (-)Lomotil/Lonox (-)Theophylline/Aminophylline (-)

proanthocyanidins


Also indexed as
Grape Seed Extract, Oligomeric Proanthocyanidins (OPCs), Procyanidolic Oligomers (PCOs)Introduction
Proanthocyanidins—also called "OPCs" for oligomeric procyanidins or "PCOs" for procyanidolic oligomers—are a class of nutrients belonging to the flavonoid family.Where are they found?Proanthocyanidins can be found in many plants, most notably pine bark, grape seed, and grape skin. However, bilberry, cranberry, black currant, green tea, black tea, and other plants also contain these flavonoids. Nutritional supplements containing proanthocyanidins extracts from various plant sources are available, alone or in combination with other nutrients, in herbal extracts, capsules, and tablets.Proanthocyanidins have been used in connection with the following conditions (refer to the individual health concern for complete information):
Science Ratings - Health Concerns*** - Chronic venous insufficiency
** - Capillary fragility
** - Retinopathy
** - Sunburn
* - Pancreatic insufficiency
* - Varicose Veins
*** - Reliable and relatively consistent scientific data showing a substantial health benefit.
** - Contradictory, insufficient, or preliminary studies suggesting a health benefit or minimal health benefit.
* - For an herb, supported by traditional use but minimal or no scientific evidence. For a supplement, little scientific support and/or minimal health benefit.
Who is likely to be deficient?Flavonoids and proanthocyanidins are not classified as essential nutrients because their absence does not induce a deficiency state. However, proanthocyanidins may have many health benefits, and anyone not eating the various plants that contain them would not derive these benefits.
How much is usually taken?Flavonoids (proanthocyanidins and others) are a significant source of antioxidants in the average diet. Proanthocyanidins at 50–100 mg per day is considered a reasonable supplemental level by some doctors, but optimal levels remain unknown.
Are there any side effects or interactions?Flavonoids, in general, and proanthocyanidins, specifically, have not been associated with any consistent side effects. As they are water-soluble nutrients, excess intake is simply excreted in the urine.
At the time of writing, there were no well-known drug interactions with Proanthocyanidins.

resveratrol


Introduction
Resveratrol, a compound found primarily in red wine, is a naturally occurring antioxidant.Where is it found?Resveratrol is present in a wide variety of plants—of the edible plants, mainly in grapes and peanuts.1 Wine is the primary dietary source of resveratrol. Red wine contains much greater amounts of resveratrol than does white wine, since resveratrol is concentrated in the grape skin and the manufacturing process of red wine includes prolonged contact with grape skins. Resveratrol is also available as a dietary supplement.Resveratrol has been used in connection with the following conditions (refer to the individual health concern for complete information):
Science Ratings - Health Concerns* - Atherosclerosis
*** - Reliable and relatively consistent scientific data showing a substantial health benefit.
** - Contradictory, insufficient, or preliminary studies suggesting a health benefit or minimal health benefit.
* - For an herb, supported by traditional use but minimal or no scientific evidence. For a supplement, little scientific support and/or minimal health benefit.Who is likely to be deficient?
Since it is not an essential nutrient, resveratrol is not associated with a deficiency state.
How much is usually taken?
An 8-ounce glass of red wine provides approximately 640 mcg of resveratrol, while a handful of peanuts provides about 73 mcg of resveratrol. Resveratrol supplements (often found in combination with grape extracts or other antioxidants) are generally taken in the amount of 200–600 mcg per day. This is far less than the amount used in animal studies to prevent cancer: equivalent to more than 500 mg (500,000 mcg) per day for an average-sized human. Therefore, one should not assume that the small amounts found in supplements or food would necessarily be protective. The optimal level of intake is not known.
While a moderate intake of red wine may protect against heart disease, the optimal amount required to produce this effect is still unknown. Due to the risks involved with drinking alcohol, drinking red wine cannot be recommended as a means of preventing heart disease until more information is known.
Are there any side effects or interactions?
No side effects have been reported with the use of resveratrol.
At the time of writing, there were no well-known drug interactions with resveratrol.

buckthorn

Botanical name
Rhamnus catharticusParts used and where grown
Buckthorn is a tall shrub native to northern Europe. The dried berries and dried bark are used medicinally. The bark is allowed to dry for up to a year before being used, which reduces the potential of buckthorn to cause vomiting.Buckthorn has been used in connection with the following conditions (refer to the individual health concern for complete information):
Science Ratings - Health Concerns** - Constipation
*** - Reliable and relatively consistent scientific data showing a substantial health benefit.
** - Contradictory, insufficient, or preliminary studies suggesting a health benefit or minimal health benefit.
* - For an herb, supported by traditional use but minimal or no scientific evidence. For a supplement, little scientific support and/or minimal health benefit.Historical or traditional use (may or may not be supported by scientific studies)
Buckthorn has been used as a cathartic laxative in northern and central Europe, including England, for centuries.1 While its importance declined when the similar shrub Rhamnus purshiana or cascara sagrada was discovered in America,2 buckthorn is still used, particularly in Europe.
Active constituents
Buckthorn bark and berries are high in anthraquinone glycosides. Resins, tannins, and lipids make up the bulk of the bark’s other ingredients. Buckthorn berries also contain flavonoids. Anthraquinone glycosides have a cathartic action, inducing the large intestine to increase its muscular contraction (peristalsis) and increasing water movement from the cells of the colon into the feces, resulting in strong, soft bowel movement.3 It takes six to ten hours for buckthorn to act after taking it by mouth.
How much is usually taken?
Only the dried form of buckthorn berries and bark should be used. Capsules providing 20 to 30 mg of anthraquinone glycosides (calculated as glucofrangulin A) per day can be used; however, the smallest amount necessary to maintain regular bowel movements should be used.4 As a tincture, 5 ml once at bedtime is generally taken. Usually buckthorn is taken at bedtime, so it will have time to act and by morning a bowel movement is induced. It is important to drink eight six-ounce glasses of water throughout the day while taking buckthorn, and to consume plenty of fresh fruits and vegetables. Buckthorn should be taken for a maximum of eight to ten days consecutively or else it can lead to dependence on it to have a bowel movement.5 Some people take peppermint tea or capsules with buckthorn to prevent griping, an unpleasant sensation of strong contractions in the colon sometimes induced by buckthorn.
Are there any side effects or interactions?
Buckthorn may turn the urine dark yellow or red, but this is harmless. Women who are pregnant or breast-feeding and children under the age of 12 should not use buckthorn without the advice of a physician. Those with an intestinal obstruction, Crohn’s disease or any other acute inflammatory problem in the intestines, diarrhea, appendicitis, or abdominal pain should not use this herb.6 Use or abuse of buckthorn for more than ten days consecutively may cause a loss of electrolytes (especially the mineral potassium) or may weaken the colon. Long-term use can also cause kidney damage.7

Drug InteractionsCertain medicines interact with buckthorn: Some interactions may increase the need for buckthorn (+), other interactions may be negative (-) and indicate buckthorn should not be taken without first speaking with your physician or pharmacist, others may require further explanation (?). Refer to the individual drug article for specific details about an interaction.
Note: The following list only includes the generic or class name of a medicine. To find a specific brand name, use the Medicines index.Digoxin (?)Diuretics (-)Loop Diuretics (-)Oral Corticosteroids (?)Thiazide Diuretics (-)

rhodiola

Common name
Golden root, Roseroot
Botanical name
Rhodiola roseaParts used and where grown
There are some 50 species of rhodiola, but it is the fragrant root of the species Rhodiola rosea that is used medicinally. Rhodiola rosea grows throughout the mountainous regions in the higher latitudes and elevations of the Northern hemisphere.Rhodiola has been used in connection with the following conditions (refer to the individual health concern for complete information):
Science Ratings - Health Concerns** - Athletic performance (to improve endurance)
** - Fatigue
** - Mental performance** - Stress
*** - Reliable and relatively consistent scientific data showing a substantial health benefit.
** - Contradictory, insufficient, or preliminary studies suggesting a health benefit or minimal health benefit.
* - For an herb, supported by traditional use but minimal or no scientific evidence. For a supplement, little scientific support and/or minimal health benefit.
Historical or traditional use (may or may not be supported by scientific studies)
Rhodiola has long been used in traditional medicine, primarily in Russia and Scandinavia.1 The Vikings used rhodiola to enhance physical strength and endurance, and it was commonly used by many Northern peoples to treat fatigue, poor physical endurance, nervous system disorders, and infections, and to enhance fertility. Rhodiola was included in the first Swedish Pharmacopeia, and Dioscorides, the Greek physician, reported on its use in his treatise De Materia Medica. In middle Asia, rhodiola was considered a premier treatment for colds and flu during the severe winters that occur there.
Active constituents
Rhodiola contains a number of potentially active compounds, including phenylpropanoids (rosavin, rosin, rosarin),; phenylethanol derivatives (salidroside [also known as rhodioloside], tyrosol); flavonoids (rodiolin, rodionin, rodiosin, acetylrodalgin, tricin); monoterpenes (rosiridol, rosaridin); triterpenes (daucosterol, beta-sitosterol); and phenolic acids (chlorogenic, hydroxycinnamic, and gallic acids). The presence of rosavin distinguishes the species R. rosea from other rhodiolas, and many products are standardized to rosavin content to ensure that they contain the proper species.
There are numerous animal and test tube studies showing that rhodiola has both a stimulating and a sedating effect on the central nervous system (depending on intake amount); enhances physical endurance; improves thyroid, thymus, and adrenal function; protects the nervous system, heart, and liver; and has antioxidant and anticancer properties.2
How much is usually taken?
Rhodiola has a more stimulating effect at lower amounts, and a more sedating effect at higher amounts. In medical treatment, the usual amounts taken are 200 to 600 mg per day of a standardized extract to at least 3% rosavins and 0.8 to 1% salidroside.3 The nonstandardized amount would be 1 gram three times daily of the root, the amount for the alcoholic extract (40% alcohol) is 5 to 40 drops two to three times per day (with a weight to volume ratio of 1:1 to 1:5 ). Rhodiola is usually taken before meals.
Are there any side effects or interactions?
The safety of rhodiola has not been firmly established. However, rhodiola has a history of centuries of folk use and has been the subject of many clinical studies. No side effects or interactions have been reported. Animal studies indicate that rhodiola has a low level of toxicity, and that there is a huge margin of safety at the typical recommended intake amounts.4 There is no information available about the safety of rhodiola in pregnancy or lactation.
At the time of writing, there were no well-known drug interactions with Rhodiola.

royal jelly


Introduction
Royal jelly is a thick, milky substance produced by worker bees to feed the queen bee. The worker bees mix honey and bee pollen with enzymes in the glands of their throats to produce royal jelly.Where is it found?Royal jelly is available in liquid form (usually in glass vials), tablets, and capsules.Royal jelly has been used in connection with the following condition (refer to it for complete information):
Science Ratings - Health Concerns** - High cholesterol
*** - Reliable and relatively consistent scientific data showing a substantial health benefit.
** - Contradictory, insufficient, or preliminary studies suggesting a health benefit or minimal health benefit.
* - For an herb, supported by traditional use but minimal or no scientific evidence. For a supplement, little scientific support and/or minimal health benefit.Who is likely to be deficient?Because royal jelly is not an essential nutrient, deficiencies do not occur.
How much is usually taken?
Royal jelly in the amount of 50–100 mg per day has been used in most of the studies on cholesterol lowering.
Are there any side effects or interactions?
Allergic reactions are the most common side effect. Allergic reactions from oral intake of royal jelly can range from very mild (e.g., mild gastrointestinal upset) to more severe reactions, including asthma, anaphylaxis (shock), intestinal bleeding, and even death in people who are extremely allergic to bee products.1 2 3 People who are allergic to bee pollen, honey, or conifer and poplar trees should not use royal jelly orally. Topical use of royal jelly has been reported to cause skin irritations in some people.4
At the time of writing, there were no well-known drug interactions with royal jelly.

asian ginseng

See also
Korean ginseng, Chinese ginseng
Botanical name
Panax ginsengParts used and where grownAsian ginseng is a member of the Araliaceae family, which also includes the closely related American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) and less similar Siberian ginseng (Eleutherococcus senticosus), also known as eleuthero. Asian ginseng commonly grows on mountain slopes and is usually harvested in the fall. The root is used, preferably from plants older than six years of age.
Asian ginseng has been used in connection with the following conditions (refer to the individual health concern for complete information):
Science Ratings - Health Concerns*** - Erectile dysfunction
** - Athletic performance
** - Epilepsy (in combination with bupleurum, peony root, pinellia root, cassia bark, ginger root, jujube fruit, Asian scullcap root, and licorice root)** - Immune function
** - Infertility (male)
** - Mental performance** - Stress
** - Type 2 diabetes
* - Aerobic capacity* - Chronic fatigue syndrome
* - Common cold/sore throat
* - HIV support
* - Infection
* - Influenza
* - Lung cancer
* - Menopause
* - Type 1 diabetes
*** - Reliable and relatively consistent scientific data showing a substantial health benefit.
** - Contradictory, insufficient, or preliminary studies suggesting a health benefit or minimal health benefit.
* - For an herb, supported by traditional use but minimal or no scientific evidence. For a supplement, little scientific support and/or minimal health benefit.
Historical or traditional use (may or may not be supported by scientific studies)
Asian ginseng has been a part of Chinese medicine for over 2,000 years. The first reference to the use of Asian ginseng dates to the 1st century A.D. Ginseng is commonly used by elderly people in the Orient to improve mental and physical vitality.
Active constituents
Ginseng’s actions in the body are thought to be due to a complex interplay of constituents. The primary group are the ginsenosides, which are believed to counter the effects of stress and enhance intellectual and physical performance. Thirteen ginsenosides have been identified in Asian ginseng. Two of them, ginsenosides Rg1 and Rb1, have been closely studied.1 Other constituents include the panaxans, which may help lower blood sugar, and the polysaccharides (complex sugar molecules), which are thought to support immune function.2 3
Long-term intake of Asian ginseng may be linked to a reduced risk of some forms of cancer.4 5 A double-blind trial found that 200 mg of Asian ginseng per day improved blood sugar levels in people with type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes.6 Human trials have mostly failed to confirm the purported benefit of Asian ginseng for the enhancement of athletic performance.7 8 One preliminary trial suggests it may help those in poor physical condition to tolerate exercise better.9 In combination with some vitamins and minerals, 80 mg of ginseng per day was found to effectively reduce fatigue in a double-blind trial.10 Another double-blind trial also found it helpful for relief of fatigue and, possibly, stress.11 Although there are no human clinical trials, adaptogenic herbs such as Asian ginseng may be useful for people with chronic fatigue syndrome. This may be because these herbs are thought to have an immuno-modulating effect and also help support the normal function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, the hormonal stress system of the body.12
Asian ginseng may also prove useful for male infertility. A double-blind trial with a large group of infertile men found that 4 grams of Asian ginseng per day for three months led to an improvement in sperm count and sperm motility.13
Asian ginseng may also help men with erectile dysfunction. A double-blind trial in Korea found that 1,800 mg per day of Asian ginseng extract for three months helped improve libido and the ability to maintain an erection in men with erectile dysfunction.14 This finding was confirmed in another double-blind study, in which 900 mg three times a day was given for eight weeks.15
How much is usually taken?
The most researched form of ginseng, standardized herbal extracts, supply approximately 5–7% ginsenosides.16 Ginseng root extracts are sometimes recommended at 200–500 mg per day. Non-standardized extracts require a higher intake, generally 1–4 grams per day for tablets or 2–3 ml for dried root tincture three times per day. Ginseng is traditionally used for two to three weeks continuously, followed by a one- to two-week “rest” period before resuming.
Are there any side effects or interactions?
Used in the recommended amounts, ginseng is generally safe. In rare instances, it may cause over-stimulation and possibly insomnia.17 Consuming caffeine with ginseng increases the risk of over-stimulation and gastrointestinal upset. People with uncontrolled high blood pressure should use ginseng cautiously. Long-term use of ginseng may cause menstrual abnormalities and breast tenderness in some women. Ginseng is not recommended for pregnant or breast-feeding women.
Drug InteractionsCertain medicines interact with Asian ginseng: Some interactions may increase the need for Asian ginseng (+), other interactions may be negative (-) and indicate Asian ginseng should not be taken without first speaking with your physician or pharmacist, others may require further explanation (?). Refer to the individual drug article for specific details about an interaction.
Note: The following list only includes the generic or class name of a medicine. To find a specific brand name, use the Medicines index.Influenza Virus Vaccine (+)Ticlopidine (-)Triotann-S Pediatric (+)Warfarin (-)
Subscribe to: Posts (Atom)