fiber


See also
High-Fiber Diet
Introduction
Dietary fiber comes from the thick cell wall of plants. It is an indigestible complex carbohydrate. Fiber is divided into two general categories-water soluble and water insoluble.Where is it found?Whole grains are particularly high in insoluble fiber. Oats, barley, beans, fruit (but not fruit juice), psyllium, and some vegetables contain significant amounts of both forms of fiber and are the best sources of soluble fiber. The best source of lignan, by far, is flaxseed (not flaxseed oil, regardless of packaging claims to the contrary).Fiber has been used in connection with the following conditions (refer to the individual health concern for complete information):
Science Ratings - Health Concerns*** - Constipation
*** - Diverticular disease
*** - High cholesterol
*** - Type 1 diabetes
*** - Type 2 diabetes
** - Cirrhosis (combination of beta-glucan, inulin, pectin, and resistant starch)** - Diarrhea
** - Hemorrhoids
** - High blood pressure
** - Weight loss
* - High triglycerides
* - Irritable bowel syndrome (fiber other than wheat)* - Kidney stones
* - Peptic ulcer
* - Premenstrual syndrome
*** - Reliable and relatively consistent scientific data showing a substantial health benefit.
** - Contradictory, insufficient, or preliminary studies suggesting a health benefit or minimal health benefit.
* - For an herb, supported by traditional use but minimal or no scientific evidence. For a supplement, little scientific support and/or minimal health benefit.
Who is likely to be deficient?Most people who consume a typical Western diet are fiber-deficient. Eating white flour, white rice, and fruit juice (as opposed to whole fruit) all contribute to this problem. Many so-called whole wheat products contain mostly white flour. Read labels and avoid “flour” and “unbleached flour,” both of which are simply white flour. Junk food is also fiber depleted. The diseases listed above are more likely to occur with low-fiber diets.
The benefits of eating whole grains are largely derived from the beneficial constituents present in the outer layers of the grains, which are stripped away in making white flour and white rice. Preliminary research has found that women who ate mostly whole grain fiber had a lower mortality rate than women who ate a comparable amount of refined grains.1
How much is usually taken?
Western diets generally provide approximately 10 grams of fiber per day. People in less-developed countries consume 40 to 60 grams per day. Increasing fiber intake to the amounts found in such diets may be desirable.
Are there any side effects or interactions?While people can be allergic to certain high-fiber foods (most commonly wheat), high-fiber diets are more likely to improve health than cause any health problems. Beans, a good source of soluble fiber, also contain special sugars that are often poorly digested, leading to gas. Special enzyme products are now available in supermarkets to reduce this problem by improving digestion of these sugars.
Fiber reduces the absorption of many minerals. However, high-fiber diets also tend to be high in minerals, so the consumption of a high-fiber diet does not appear to impair mineral status. However, logic suggests that calcium, magnesium and multimineral supplements should not be taken at the same time as a fiber supplement.
Bran, an insoluble fiber, reduces the absorption of calcium enough to cause urinary calcium to fall.2 In one study, supplementation with 10 grams of rice bran twice a day reduced the recurrence rate of kidney stones by nearly 90% in recurrent stone formers.3 However, it is not known whether other types of bran would have the same effect. Before supplementing with bran, people should check with a doctor, because some people—even a few with kidney stones—do not absorb enough calcium. For those people, supplementing with bran might deprive them of much-needed calcium.
People with scleroderma (systemic sclerosis) should consult a doctor before taking fiber supplements or eating high-fiber diets. Although a gradual introduction of fiber in the diet may improve bowel symptoms in some cases, there have been several reports of people with scleroderma developing severe constipation and even bowel obstruction requiring hospitalization after fiber supplementation.4

Drug Interactions
Certain medicines interact with fiber: Some interactions may increase the need for fiber (+), other interactions may be negative (-) and indicate fiber should not be taken without first speaking with your physician or pharmacist, others may require further explanation (?). Refer to the individual drug article for specific details about an interaction.
Note: The following list only includes the generic or class name of a medicine. To find a specific brand name, use the Medicines index.Lovastatin (+)Propoxyphene (?)Verapamil (+)

cranberry

See also
Cranberries as food
Botanical name
Vaccinium macrocarponParts used and where grown
Cranberry is a member of the same family as bilberry and blueberry. It is from North America and grows in bogs. The ripe fruit is used medicinally.Cranberry has been used in connection with the following conditions (refer to the individual health concern for complete information):
Science Ratings - Health Concerns** - Urinary tract infection prevention
*** - Reliable and relatively consistent scientific data showing a substantial health benefit.
** - Contradictory, insufficient, or preliminary studies suggesting a health benefit or minimal health benefit.
* - For an herb, supported by traditional use but minimal or no scientific evidence. For a supplement, little scientific support and/or minimal health benefit.
Historical or traditional use (may or may not be supported by scientific studies)
In traditional North American herbalism, cranberry has been used to prevent kidney stones and “bladder gravel” as well as to remove toxins from the blood. Cranberry has long been recommended by herbalists as well as doctors to help prevent urinary tract infections (UTIs).
Active constituents
In test tube studies, cranberry prevents E. coli, the most common bacterial cause of UTIs, from adhering to the cells lining the wall of the bladder. This anti-adherence action is thought to reduce the ability of the bacteria to cause a UTI.1 2 The proanthocyanidins in the berry have exhibited this anti-adherence action.3 Cranberry has been shown to reduce bacteria levels in the urinary bladders of older women significantly better than placebo, an action that may help to prevent UTIs.4 A small double-blind trial with younger women ages 18–45 years with a history of recurrent urinary tract infections, found that daily treatment with an encapsulated cranberry concentrate (400 mg twice per day) for three months significantly reduced the recurrence of urinary tract infections compared to women taking a placebo.5 Other preliminary trials in humans suggest cranberry may help people with urostomies and enterocystoplasties to keep their urine clear of mucus buildup and possibly reduce the risk of UTIs.6 However, one trial found that cranberry did not reduce the risk of UTIs in children with neurogenic bladder disease (a condition that does not allow for proper flow of urine from the bladder) who were receiving daily catheterization.7
How much is usually taken?One capsule of concentrated cranberry juice extract (400 mg) can be taken two times per day.8 Several 16-ounce (500 ml) glasses of high-quality unsweetened cranberry juice from concentrate each day approximate the effect of the cranberry extract. Cranberry tincture, 1/2–1 teaspoon (3–5 ml) three times per day, can also be taken.
Are there any side effects or interactions?
Cranberry concentrate has not been reported to cause side effects and has no known contraindications to use during pregnancy and breast-feeding. According to one report, supplementation with an unspecified number of cranberry tablets for seven days increased the urinary excretion of oxalate by 43%, suggesting that long term use of cranberry supplements might increase the risk of developing a kidney stone.9 On the other hand, in the same study, urinary excretion of magnesium and potassium (which are inhibitors of stone formation) also increased. Until more is known, individuals with a personal or family history of calcium-oxalate kidney stones should consult a doctor before using cranberry supplements for long periods of time (e.g., more than a week). Cranberry should not be used as a substitute for antibiotics during an acute urinary tract infection, except under medical supervision.

Drug InteractionsCertain medicines interact with cranberry: Some interactions may increase the need for cranberry (+), other interactions may be negative (-) and indicate cranberry should not be taken without first speaking with your physician or pharmacist, others may require further explanation (?). Refer to the individual drug article for specific details about an interaction.
Note: The following list only includes the generic or class name of a medicine. To find a specific brand name, use the Medicines index.Lansoprazole (+)Omeprazole (+)Warfarin (-)Source: www.cncahealth.com

coenzyme Q10


Also indexed as
CoQ10, UbiquinoneSee also
Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is also called ubiquinone, a name that signifies its ubiquitous (widespread) distribution in the human body. CoQ10 is used by the body to transform food into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the energy on which the body runs.Where is it found?CoQ10 is found primarily in fish and meat, but the amounts in food are far less than what can be obtained from supplements.
Coenzyme Q10 has been used in connection with the following conditions (refer to the individual health concern for complete information):
Science Ratings - Health Concerns*** - Angina
*** - Heart attack
*** - High blood pressure
** - Cardiomyopathy
** - Cerebellar ataxia (familial)** - Congestive heart failure
** - Gingivitis (periodontal disease)
** - Halitosis (if gum disease)** - Macular degeneration (in combination with acetyl-L-carnitine and fish oil)** - Migraine headaches
** - Parkinson’s disease
** - Renal (kidney) failure** - Type 2 diabetes
* - Alzheimer’s disease
* - Athletic performance
* - Breast cancer
* - Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)* - HIV support
* - Infertility (male)
* - Insulin resistance syndrome (Syndrome X)* - Lung cancer
* - Muscular dystrophy* - Prostate cancer
* - Type 1 diabetes
*** - Reliable and relatively consistent scientific data showing a substantial health benefit.
** - Contradictory, insufficient, or preliminary studies suggesting a health benefit or minimal health benefit.
* - For an herb, supported by traditional use but minimal or no scientific evidence. For a supplement, little scientific support and/or minimal health benefit.
Who is likely to be deficient?Deficiency is poorly understood, but it may be caused by synthesis problems in the body rather than an insufficiency in the diet. Low blood levels have been reported in people with heart failure, cardiomyopathy, gingivitis (inflammation of the gums), morbid obesity, hypertension, muscular dystrophy, diabetes, AIDS, and in some people on kidney dialysis. People with phenylketonuria (PKU) may be deficient in CoQ10 because of dietary restrictions.1 CoQ10 levels are also generally lower in older people. The test used to assess CoQ10 status is not routinely available from medical laboratories.
Which form of coenzyme Q10 is best?Some,2 but not all,3 research suggests that a fat-soluble form of CoQ10 is absorbed better than CoQ10 in granular (powder) form.4
How much is usually taken?
Adult levels of supplementation are usually 30–90 mg per day, although people with specific health conditions may supplement with higher levels (with the involvement of a physician). Most of the research on heart conditions has used 90–150 mg of CoQ10 per day. People with cancer who consider taking much higher amounts should discuss this issue with a doctor before supplementing. There are several anecdotal reports of large amounts of CoQ10 resulting in improvements in certain types of cancer. However, controlled trials are needed to confirm these preliminary observations. Most doctors recommend that CoQ10 be taken with meals to improve absorption.
Are there any side effects or interactions?Congestive heart failure patients who are taking CoQ10 should not discontinue taking CoQ10 supplements unless under the supervision of a doctor.
An isolated test tube study reported that the anticancer effect of a certain cholesterol-lowering drug was blocked by addition of CoQ10.5 So far, experts in the field have put little stock in this report because its results have not yet been confirmed in animal, human, or even other test tube studies. The drug used in the test tube is not used to treat cancer, and preliminary information regarding the use of high amounts of CoQ10 in humans suggests the possibility of anticancer activity.6 7 8
Drug InteractionsCertain medicines interact with coenzyme Q10: Some interactions may increase the need for coenzyme Q10 (+), other interactions may be negative (-) and indicate coenzyme Q10 should not be taken without first speaking with your physician or pharmacist, others may require further explanation (?). Refer to the individual drug article for specific details about an interaction.
Note: The following list only includes the generic or class name of a medicine. To find a specific brand name, use the Medicines index.Atorvastatin (+)Doxorubicin (+)Fluvastatin (+)Gemfibrozil (+)Lovastatin (+)Perphenazine (+)Pravastatin (+)Propranolol (+)Simvastatin (+)Thioridazine (+)Timolol (+)Tricyclic Antidepressants (+)Warfarin (-)

bromelain


See also
Bromelain, derived from the pineapple plant, is one of a group of proteolytic enzymes (enzymes capable of digesting protein).Where is it found?Bromelain is found mostly in the stems of pineapples and is available as a dietary supplement.Bromelain has been used in connection with the following conditions (refer to the individual health concern for complete information):
Science Ratings - Health Concerns*** - Sinusitis
*** - Wound healing
** - Post-surgical healing
** - Prostatitis (NBP, PD)** - Sprains and strains
** - Tendinitis
** - Urinary tract infection
* - Angina
* - Asthma
* - Low back pain
* - Rheumatoid arthritis
* - Thrombophlebitis
*** - Reliable and relatively consistent scientific data showing a substantial health benefit.
** - Contradictory, insufficient, or preliminary studies suggesting a health benefit or minimal health benefit.
* - For an herb, supported by traditional use but minimal or no scientific evidence. For a supplement, little scientific support and/or minimal health benefit.
Who is likely to be deficient?Since bromelain is not essential, deficiencies of this plant-based enzyme do not exist.
How much is usually taken?Assessing the right amount of bromelain to take is complicated. Most bromelain research was conducted years ago, when amounts used were listed in units of activity that no longer exist. These old units do not precisely convert to new ones. Today, bromelain is measured in MCUs (milk clotting units) or GDUs (gelatin dissolving units). One GDU equals approximately 1.5 MCU. Strong products contain at least 2,000 MCU (1,200–1,333 GDU) per gram (1,000 mg). A supplement containing 500 mg labeled “2,000 MCU per gram” would have 1,000 MCU of activity. Some doctors recommend as much as 3,000 MCU taken three times per day for several days, followed by 2,000 MCU three times per day.1 Much of the research uses smaller amounts, more like the equivalent of approximately 500 MCU taken four times per day. However, most of the bromelain used in the studies was enteric-coated in order to prevent it from being destroyed by gastric juice. It is likely, therefore, that currently available bromelain preparations (which typically are not enteric-coated) are of lower potency than the bromelain used in most studies.
Are there any side effects or interactions?Bromelain is generally safe and free of side effects when taken in moderate amounts. However, one preliminary report indicates increased heart rate with the use of bromelain.2 In addition, some people are allergic to bromelain. One woman reportedly developed a hives and severe swelling after taking bromelain, even though she had tolerated bromelain on two other occasions previously.3 Because bromelain acts as a blood thinner and little is known about how bromelain interacts with blood-thinning drugs, people should avoid combining such drugs with bromelain in order to reduce the theoretical risk of excessive bleeding.
Drug Interactions
Certain medicines interact with bromelain: Some interactions may increase the need for bromelain (+), other interactions may be negative (-) and indicate bromelain should not be taken without first speaking with your physician or pharmacist, others may require further explanation (?). Refer to the individual drug article for specific details about an interaction.
Note: The following list only includes the generic or class name of a medicine. To find a specific brand name, use the Medicines index.

blueberry

See also
Botanical name
Vaccinium spp.
Parts used and where grown
Blueberry is closely related to the European bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus). Several species of blueberries exist—including V. pallidum and V. corymbosum—and grow throughout the United States. Blueberry leaves are the primary part of the plant used medicinally. However, the berries are occasionally used.Blueberry has been used in connection with the following conditions (refer to the individual health concern for complete information):
Science Ratings - Health Concerns* - Common cold/sore throat
* - Diarrhea
* - Urinary tract infection
*** - Reliable and relatively consistent scientific data showing a substantial health benefit.
** - Contradictory, insufficient, or preliminary studies suggesting a health benefit or minimal health benefit.
* - For an herb, supported by traditional use but minimal or no scientific evidence. For a supplement, little scientific support and/or minimal health benefit.
Historical or traditional use (may or may not be supported by scientific studies)
According to traditional herbal textbooks, a tea made from blueberry leaves was considered helpful in diabetes, urinary tract infections, and poor appetite.1 The berries were a prized commodity among the indigenous peoples of North America.
Active constituentsTannins make up as much as 10% of blueberry leaves. The astringent nature of tannins likely accounts for the usefulness of blueberry leaf in treating diarrhea.2 The astringent effect may also be soothing for sore throats.3 Bilberry, blueberry’s European cousin, is used primarily for maintaining blood vessels, particularly those in the eyes. Some preliminary evidence indicates that anthocyanosides, the bioflavonoid complex common to bilberrry and blueberry may help people with diabetes, particularly if they have damage to the retina (retinopathy). However, these studies are primarily based on a standardized extract from bilberry fruit.4
How much is usually taken?A tea is prepared by combining 1 cup (250 ml) boiling water and 1–2 teaspoons (5–10 grams) of dried leaves and steeping for 15 minutes. As many as 6 cups (1,500 ml) each day may be taken for diarrhea and 3 cups (750 ml) each day for diabetes. Alternatively, 1 teaspoon (5 ml) of tincture can also be used three times per day.
Are there any side effects or interactions?If the tea does not significantly reduce diarrhea within two to three days, consult with a healthcare practitioner. Fresh (but not dried) berries tend to be laxative and should be avoided in cases of diarrhea.5
At the time of writing, there were no well-known drug interactions with blueberry.
Source: www.cncahealth.com

blackberry

See also
Common names
Dewberry, European blackberry
Botanical name
Rubus fructicosusParts used and where grown
Blackberries grow in wet areas across the United States and Europe. Several species of blackberry exist: Rubus fructicosus is the most common European species and Rubus canadensis is a common North American species. While the leaves are used most frequently for medicinal preparations, the root is sometimes used as well.
Blackberry has been used in connection with the following conditions (refer to the individual health concern for complete information):
Science Ratings - Health Concerns* - Common cold/sore throat
* - Diarrhea
*** - Reliable and relatively consistent scientific data showing a substantial health benefit.
** - Contradictory, insufficient, or preliminary studies suggesting a health benefit or minimal health benefit.
* - For an herb, supported by traditional use but minimal or no scientific evidence. For a supplement, little scientific support and/or minimal health benefit.
Historical or traditional use (may or may not be supported by scientific studies)
Since ancient Greek physicians prescribed blackberry for gout, the leaves, roots, and even berries have been used as herbal medicines.1 The most common uses were for treating diarrhea, sore throats, and wounds. These are similar to the uses of its close cousin, the red raspberry (Rubus idaeus), and a somewhat more distant relative, the blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum).
Active constituentsThe presence of large amounts of tannins give blackberry leaves and roots an astringent effect that may be useful for treating diarrhea.2 These same constituents may also be helpful for soothing sore throats.
How much is usually taken?The German Commission E monograph recommends 4.5 grams of blackberry leaf per day.3 Blackberry tea is prepared by adding 1.5 grams of leaves or powdered root to 250 ml of boiling water and allowing it to steep for 10 to 15 minutes. Three cups per day should be drunk. Alternatively, one may use 3–4 ml of tincture three times each day.
Are there any side effects or interactions?Tannins can cause nausea and even vomiting in people with sensitive stomachs. People with chronic gastrointestinal problems might be particularly at risk for such reactions. Taking blackberry leaf or root preparations with food may reduce risk of gastrointestinal problems in some people.
At the time of writing, there were no well-known drug interactions with blackberry.
Source: www.cncahealth.com

propolis


Introduction
Propolis is the resinous substance collected by bees from the leaf buds and bark of trees, especially poplar and conifer trees. Bees use the propolis along with beeswax to construct their hives.Where is it found?Propolis is available in liquid extract form as well as in capsules and tablets. Topical creams and sprays containing propolis are also available, but whether they closely resemble topical propolis products used in research is unclear.Propolis has been used in connection with the following conditions (refer to the individual health concern for complete information):
Science Ratings - Health Concerns** - Cervicitis (topical use)** - Common cold
** - Genital Herpes (topical use)** - Infertility (female) (in women with endometriosis)** - Parasites
** - Rheumatoid arthritis (topical)** - Yeast infection
* - Cold Sores (topical)* - Dental caries (topical)* - Periodontal disease (topical)
*** - Reliable and relatively consistent scientific data showing a substantial health benefit.
** - Contradictory, insufficient, or preliminary studies suggesting a health benefit or minimal health benefit.
* - For an herb, supported by traditional use but minimal or no scientific evidence. For a supplement, little scientific support and/or minimal health benefit.Who is likely to be deficient?Propolis is not an essential nutrient and no deficiency states have been reported.
How much is usually taken?Most manufacturers recommend 500 mg of oral propolis products once or twice daily. For topical applications, follow label instructions.
Are there any side effects or interactions?Propolis is generally nontoxic, though allergic reactions have been reported.1 These reactions are typically limited to skin rashes;2 however, as with other bee products (e.g., pollen and royal jelly), more severe allergic reactions are possible. People who are allergic to bee pollen, honey, or conifer and poplar trees should not use propolis unless tested first by an allergy specialist. As the effects of propolis during pregnancy and breast-feeding have not been sufficiently evaluated, women should not use it during these times unless directed to do so by a physician.
At the time of writing, there were no well-known drug interactions with propolis.

bee pollen

Also indexed as
Rye PollenIntroduction
Pollen, a substance collected from the flowers of various plants, contains carbohydrates, fat, protein, and some vitamins and minerals.1Where is it found?Most noncultivated plants produce pollen. Commercial pollen is collected from bees returning to their hives (bee pollen) or may be directly harvested with machines (flower pollen). It is not clear which plants produce the most effective pollens. Some of the most common pollens used are timothy grass, corn, rye, and pine.Pollen has been used in connection with the following conditions (refer to the individual health concern for complete information):
Science Ratings - Health Concerns*** - Benign prostatic hyperplasia (rye)** - Prostatitis (rye)
*** - Reliable and relatively consistent scientific data showing a substantial health benefit.
** - Contradictory, insufficient, or preliminary studies suggesting a health benefit or minimal health benefit.
* - For an herb, supported by traditional use but minimal or no scientific evidence. For a supplement, little scientific support and/or minimal health benefit.
Who is likely to be deficient?Since pollen is not an essential bodily constituent, deficiencies do not occur.
How much is usually taken?The optimal intake of pollen is unknown. Some doctors recommend using 500 mg two to three times per day. Research on the proprietary rye pollen extract has used three to six tablets, or four capsules, per day.
Are there any side effects or interactions?Many people have allergies to inhaled pollens. Allergic reactions to ingested pollen (some of them quite serious) have also been reported.2 3 4 Otherwise, no significant adverse effects have been reported.
At the time of writing, there were no well-known drug interactions with Pollen.
Source: www.cncahealth.com

ashwagandha

Botanical name
Withania somniferumParts used and where grown
Ashwagandha, which belongs to the pepper family, is found in India and Africa. The roots of ashwagandha are used medicinally.Ashwagandha has been used in connection with the following conditions (refer to the individual health concern for complete information):
Science Ratings - Health Concerns** - Immune function
* - Osteoarthritis
* - Stress
*** - Reliable and relatively consistent scientific data showing a substantial health benefit.
** - Contradictory, insufficient, or preliminary studies suggesting a health benefit or minimal health benefit.
* - For an herb, supported by traditional use but minimal or no scientific evidence. For a supplement, little scientific support and/or minimal health benefit.Historical or traditional use (may or may not be supported by scientific studies)
The health applications for ashwagandha in traditional Indian and Ayurvedic medicine are extensive. Of particular note is its use against tumors, inflammation (including arthritis), and a wide range of infectious diseases.1 The shoots and seeds are also used as food and to thicken milk in India. Traditional uses of ashwagandha among tribal peoples in Africa include fevers and inflammatory conditions.2 Ashwagandha is frequently a constituent of Ayurvedic formulas, including a relatively common one known as shilajit.
Active constituents
The constituents believed to be active in ashwagandha have been extensively studied.3 Compounds known as withanolides are believed to account for the multiple medicinal applications of ashwagandha.4 These molecules are steroidal and bear a resemblance, both in their action and appearance, to the active constituents of Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng) known as ginsenosides. Indeed, ashwagandha has been called “Indian ginseng” by some. Ashwagandha and its withanolides have been extensively researched in a variety of animal studies examining effects on immune function, inflammation, and even cancer. Ashwagandha stimulates the activation of immune system cells, such as lymphocytes.5 It has also been shown to inhibit inflammation6 and improve memory in animal experiments.7 Taken together, these actions may support the traditional reputation of ashwagandha as a tonic or adaptogen8 —an herb with multiple, nonspecific actions that counteract the effects of stress and generally promote wellness.
How much is usually taken?Some experts recommend 3–6 grams of the dried root, taken each day in capsule or tea form.9 To prepare a tea, 3/4–1 1/4 teaspoons (3–6 grams) of ashwagandha root are boiled for 15 minutes and cooled; 3 cups (750 ml) may be drunk daily. Alternatively, tincture 1/2–3/4 teaspoon (2–4 ml) three times per day, is sometimes recommended.
Are there any side effects or interactions?No significant side effects have been reported with ashwagandha. The herb has been used safely by children in India. Its safety during pregnancy and breastfeeding is unknown.
At the time of writing, there were no well-known drug interactions with ashwagandha.
Source: www.cncahealth.com

alpha lipoic acid


Also indexed as
ALA, Lipoic Acid, Thioctic AcidIntroduction
Alpha lipoic acid (ALA) is a vitamin-like antioxidant, sometimes referred to as the “universal antioxidant” because it is soluble in both fat and water.1 ALA is manufactured in the body and is found in some foods, particularly liver and yeast.Where is it found?The body makes small amounts of alpha lipoic acid. There is only limited knowledge about the food sources of this nutrient. However, foods that contain mitochondria (a specialized component of cells), such as red meats, are believed to provide the most alpha lipoic acid. Supplements are also available.Alpha lipoic acid has been used in connection with the following conditions (refer to the individual health concern for complete information):
Science Ratings - Health Concerns*** - Type 1 diabetes
*** - Type 2 diabetes
* - Glaucoma
* - Hepatitis
*** - Reliable and relatively consistent scientific data showing a substantial health benefit.
** - Contradictory, insufficient, or preliminary studies suggesting a health benefit or minimal health benefit.
* - For an herb, supported by traditional use but minimal or no scientific evidence. For a supplement, little scientific support and/or minimal health benefit.
Who is likely to be deficient?Although alpha lipoic acid was thought to be a vitamin when it was first discovered, subsequent research determined that it is created in the human body—and thus is not an essential nutrient. For this reason, deficiencies of alpha lipoic acid are not known to occur in humans.
How much is usually taken?
The amount of alpha lipoic acid used in research to improve diabetic neuropathies is 800 mg per day and 150 mg per day for glaucoma. However, much lower amounts, such as 20–50 mg per day, are recommended by some doctors for general antioxidant protection, although there is no clear evidence that such general use has any benefit.
Are there any side effects or interactions?
Side effects with alpha lipoic acid are rare but can include skin rash and the potential of hypoglycemia in diabetic patients. People who may be deficient in vitamin B1 (such as alcoholics) should take vitamin B1 along with alpha lipoic acid supplements. Chronic administration of alpha lipoic acid in animals has interfered with the actions of the vitamin, biotin. Whether this has significance for humans remains unknown.2
At the time of writing, there were no well-known drug interactions with alpha lipoic acid.

understanding herbal terminology

There are many words used to describe herbs and their actions on the body. The following is a guide to understanding these unique terms.
Adaptogen
a substance that invigorates or strengthens the system (also called a tonic).
Alterative
a substance that produces a gradual, beneficial change in the body.
Alkaloid
heterogeneous group of alkaline, organic, compounds containing nitrogen and usually oxygen; generally colorless and bitter-tasting; especially found in seed plants.
Analgesic
a substance that reduces or relieves pain.
Anodyne
a pain relieving agent, less potent than an anesthetic or narcotic.
Antihelmintic, anthelmintic
a substance that expels or destroys intestinal worms (also called a vermifuge).
Antihydrotic
a substance that reduces or suppresses perspiration.
Source: www.cncahealth.com

understanding herbal terminology

There are many words used to describe herbs and their actions on the body. The following is a guide to understanding these unique terms.
Antipyretic
an agent that reduces or prevents fever (also called a febrifuge).
Antispasmodic
an agent that relieves spasms or cramps.
Aperient
a mild and gentle-acting laxative.
Aperitif
an agent that stimulates the appetite.
Aphrodisiac
a substance that increases sexual desire or potency.
Aromatic
a substance with a strong, volatile, fragrant aroma; often with stimulant properties.
Astringent
an agent that contracts or shrinks tissues; it is used to decrease secretions or control bleeding.
Source: www.cncahealth.com

understanding herbal terminology

There are many words used to describe herbs and their actions on the body. The following is a guide to understanding these unique terms.
Bitter tonic
a substance with an acrid, astringent or disagreeable taste that stimulates flow of saliva and gastric juices.
Bolus
a suppository poultice used for vaginal or rectal application; made by mixing powdered herb material in melted cocoa butter or similar base and hand-forming suppositories as the matrix cools.
Calmative
an agent with mild sedative or hypnotic properties.
Carminative
a substance that stops the formation of intestinal gas and helps expel gas that has already formed.
Catarrh
inflammation of a mucous membrane, especially of the respiratory tract.
Cathartic
a powerful agent used to relieve severe constipation (also called a purgative).
Cholegogue
an agent that stimulates secretion and release of bile.
Source: http://www.cncahealth.com/

understanding herbal terminology

There are many words used to describe herbs and their actions on the body. The following is a guide to understanding these unique terms.
Choleretic
an agent that stimulates the formation of bile.
Concentration
the amount of material in a solution in relationship to the amount of solvent; expressed as the ratio.
For example:
1:5 concentration means that 5 parts of an extract contains the equivalent of one part of the raw herb;
4:1 concentration means that 1 part of an extract contains the equivalent of 4 parts of the raw herb.
Counterirritant
an agent that causes a distracting irritation intended to relieve another irritation.
Decoction
extract of a crude drug made by boiling or simmering (cooking) herbs in water; stronger than a tea or infusion.
Demulcent
an oily or mucilaginous substance that soothes irritated tissue, especially mucous membranes.
Diaphoretic
an agent, taken internally to promote sweating (also called sudorific).
Diuretic
an agent that promotes urine production and flow.
Source: www.cncahealth.com

understanding herbal terminology

There are many words used to describe herbs and their actions on the body. The following is a guide to understanding these unique terms.
Emetic
a substance that induces vomiting.
Emmenogogue
an agent, taken internally, to promote menstrual flow.
Emollient
an externally applied agent that softens or soothes skin.
Essential oil
any of a class of volatile oils that impart the characteristic odors of plants; used especially in perfumes, food flavorings and aromatherapy; also called volatile oil.
Expectorant
an agent that increases bronchial secretions and facilitates their expulsion through coughing, spitting or sneezing.
Extract
a concentrate, made by steeping raw plant material(s) in solvent (alcohol and/or water), after which the solvent is allowed to evaporate.
Flatulence
gas in the stomach or intestines.
Source: www.cncahealth.com

understanding herbal terminology

There are many words used to describe herbs and their actions on the body. The following is a guide to understanding these unique terms.
Fluid extract
a liquid extract of raw plant material(s), usually of a concentration ratio of 1 part raw herb to 1 part solvent (1:1).
Fomentation
application of a warm and moist cloth, soaked in an infusion or decoction, as treatment.
Galactogogue
an agent that increases secretion of milk (synonym for lactagogue).
Galenical
herb and other vegetable drugs as distinguished from mineral or chemical remedies; crude drugs and the tinctures, decoctions, and other preparations made from them, as distinguished from the alkaloids and other active principles.
Glycoside
esters containing a sugar component (glycol) and a nonsugar (aglycone) component attached via oxygen or nitrogen bond; hydrolysis of a glycoside yields one or more sugars.
Hemostatic
an agent used to stop internal bleeding.
Herb
plant or part of a plant used for medicinal, taste or aromatic purposes.
Source: www.cncahealth.com

understanding herbal terminology

There are many words used to describe herbs and their actions on the body. The following is a guide to understanding these unique terms.
Humectant
a substance used to obtain a moistening effect.
Hygroscopic
a substance that readily attracts and retains water.
Infusion
tea made by steeping herb(s) in hot water.
Maceration
a process of softening tissues by soaking in liquid.
Mucilage
a gelatinous substance, containing proteins and polysaccharides, that soothes inflammation.
Mucilaginous
an agent characterized by a gummy or gelatinous consistency.
Nervine
an agent that calms nervousness, tension or excitement.
Source: www.cncahealth.com

understanding herbal terminology

There are many words used to describe herbs and their actions on the body. The following is a guide to understanding these unique terms.
Oleoresin
a homogenous mixture of resin(s) and volatile oil(s).
Pharmacognosy
the study of the biochemistry and pharmacology of plant drugs, herbs, and spices.
Phlogistic
referring to inflammation or fever.
Poultice
a soft, moist mass applied to the skin to provide heat and moisture.
Raw herb
the form of the plant, or plant parts, unchanged by processing other than separation of parts, drying or grinding.
Resin
any of several solid or semi-solid, flammable, natural organic substances soluble in organic solvents and not water; commonly formed in plant secretions; complex chemical mixtures of acrid resins, resin alcohols, resinol, tannols, esters, and resenes.
Rubefacient
an agent, applied to the skin, causing a local irritation and redness; for relief of internal pain.
Source: www.cncahealth.com

understanding herbal terminology

There are many words used to describe herbs and their actions on the body. The following is a guide to understanding these unique terms.
Salve
an herbal preparation mixed in oil and thickened with bees wax applied to the skin.
Saponin
any of several surfactant glycosides that produce a soapy lather; found in plants.
Sialogogue
an agent that stimulates secretion of saliva.
Solid extract
an extract of plant material(s) made by removing the solvent from a fluid extract.
Soporific
a substance that induces sleep.
Stimulant
an agent that excites or quickens a process or activity of the body.
Stomachic
an agent that gives strength and tone to the stomach or stimulates the appetite by promoting digestive secretions.
Source: www.cncahealth.com

understanding herbal terminology

There are many words used to describe herbs and their actions on the body. The following is a guide to understanding these unique terms.
Styptic
a substance that stops external bleeding (usually an astringent).
Tannin
a complex mixture of polyphenols; gives a color reaction to iron-containing substances.
Terpene
any of several isomeric hydrocarbons; most volatile oils consist primarily of terpenes.
Tincture
a solution prepared by steeping or soaking (maceration) plant materials in alcohol and water.
Vulnerary
a substance used in the treatment or healing of wounds.
Sourc: www.cncahealth.com

hibiscus

Common names
Hibiscus, roselle, karkade, sour tea
Botanical names
Hibiscus sabdariffa, H. rosa
Parts used and where grownMembers of the Malvaceae family, various species of hibiscus are shrubs found practically around the globe. The flower of hibiscus is the part used as medicine. The most widely known and best-studied species tend to be annuals from the tropics, such as the two that are focused on here. There are, however, hardy perennial species that survive in colder climates. Another hibiscus not discussed here is Hibiscus esculenta, or okra.
Hibiscus has been used in connection with the following conditions (refer to the individual health concern for complete information):
Science Ratings - Health Concerns** - Hypertension
** - Lice
* - Fever
* - Type 1 diabetes
* - Type 2 diabetes
*** - Reliable and relatively consistent scientific data showing a substantial health benefit.
** - Contradictory, insufficient, or preliminary studies suggesting a health benefit or minimal health benefit.
* - For an herb, supported by traditional use but minimal or no scientific evidence. For a supplement, little scientific support and/or minimal health benefit.
Historical or traditional use (may or may not be supported by scientific studies)
Teas made from hibiscus flowers and, occasionally, leaves are a very common beverage in tropical regions where they grow. The cool, astringent, acidic flavor is widely recognized and has made it a staple of “zinger” type teas in the United States. All parts of hibiscus plants are used traditionally. Due to their soothing (demulcent) and astringent properties, the flowers and leaves have been traditionally used to treat conditions such as cancer and gallbladder attacks, to lower blood pressure, to relieve dry coughs, and topically to treat skin afflictions.1 The root has been used as a tonic. The stems yield fibers that can be used to make rope or burlap.
Active constituentsThe flowers contain substantial quantities of flavonoids and proanthocyanidins,2 which are associated with antioxidant, fever-reducing (antipyretic), pain-relieving (analgesic), and spasm-inhibiting (spasmolytic) activities.3 4 Of the many polysaccharides, the acidic polysaccharides show the most interesting properties. For example, they stimulate specialized skin cells which would presumably promote wound healing and these polysaccharides are also immune-modulating.5 6 There is also a high concentration (15 to 30%) of simple organic acids such as citric and malic acids.7
Complex extracts of hibiscus have shown other properties in the test tube and in animal studies, such as reducing skin cancer promoted by ultraviolet light, inhibiting herpes simplex virus, and lowering cholesterol levels.8 9 10 A variety of studies have looked at the potential use of hibiscus for male and female fertility regulation with mixed results.11 12 13
How much is usually taken?Hibiscus is usually taken as tea. Clinical trials have used 1 to 2 tsp (3 to 6 grams) of dried flower infused in to 1 cup (250 ml) three times per day.14 One study used 500 ml of tea once a day before breakfast.15
Are there any side effects or interactions?There are no known side effects from reasonable amounts of hibiscus.
Drug InteractionsCertain medicines interact with hibiscus: Some interactions may increase the need for hibiscus (+), other interactions may be negative (-) and indicate hibiscus should not be taken without first speaking with your physician or pharmacist, others may require further explanation (?). Refer to the individual drug article for specific details about an interaction.
Note: The following list only includes the generic or class name of a medicine. To find a specific brand name, use the Medicines index.
Acetaminophen (-)Acetaminophen with Codeine (-)Hydrocodone with Acetaminophen (-)
Subscribe to: Posts (Atom)